Packaging Quiz 2 - Ch 4 & 5

White light is beamed onto a surface that absorbs the blue wavelength. What color does the eye see?

Yellow

Name two applications of screen printing.

Decorating round or oddly-shapened items

Printers can theoretically duplicate all colors using CMYK process inks but printing machines often have six or eight stations. Give three examples of how you might use the other stations.

1. Coating and adhesives applied on-press

2. Line colors (PMS)

3. Fluorescent or metallic inks 

List the steps necessary to create a halftone printing plate from a color photograph.

A photonegative is created for each of the four colors, it is imposed on a screen pattern, at the proper angle for each respective color and finally, a plate is made. 

What three colors does the human eye detect?

Red, Blue, Green

Your printer informs you that a 133-line screen will be used for a particular job. What is this telling you?

133 dots per linear inch

What is "reverse printing” , and why use it?

Printing on the back side of a transparent substrate (clear plastic film). This technique is used to protect the ink from abrasion, so the sheen of the substrate contributes to the overall appearance.

What are some limitations of flexography?

Registration between colors, the possibility for dot gain and limitations in screen range.

What is the minimum number of printing plates needed to print a good-quality process color illustration?

4

A toy box will have a full-color action illustration. The illustration will be framed in a fluorescent orange and green border. How many printing plates are needed?

Six - CMYK plus orange and green

What three factors influence the human perception of color?

Object, observer, and light source 

What is the operating principle of lithography?

Oil and water don’t mix

Dot "gain" is a problem that is particularly associated with what process?

Flexographic print

What is the most widely accepted definition of sustainability?

Sustainable development meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.

What prompted the paradigm shift that caused producers to change from a Cradle- to-Grave to a "Cradle-to-Cradle" responsibility?

Sustainable Packing

The four Rs are the guiding principles for managing waste. What are the four Rs in the correct order?

1. Reduce - package designs should use the minimum amount of material consistent with fulfilling their basic functions. 

2. Reuse - where practical, containers or packaging components should be reused. 

3. Recycle  - where practical, packaging should be collected and the materials recycled for further use. 

4. Recover - finally, before consigning packaging to a landfill, consider the potential for recovering other value from the waste.

List examples that illustrate the "recovery" item in packaging waste management.

Energy can be recovered through incineration and “recovery” of packaging materials by the manufacturer and distributor.

What are the advantages of the cascade model for plastic usage?

The cascade model refers to the life cycle of incineration of polyolefin plastics, where even after several incinerations, it still contains a large amount of energy. 

What are five conditions driving the need for sustainability?

1. Shrinking global forests

2. Depleted fishers

3. Water shortage due to changing weather patterns

4. Reduced crop land and depletion of petrochemicals

5. Other global energy sources 

What are the pillars of a circular economy?

Protecting the environment, reducing waste and GHG emissions, systematizing recycling and ending planned obsolescence. In addition, dependence decreases on imported resources such as raw materials, water and energy.

How is packaging addressed in a circular economy?

Unwanted packaging is eliminated to ensure that packaging material stays in the economy and doesn't become waste.

What are the packaging goals of the circular economy?

Eliminate unnecessary packaging; develop innovative approaches in which all necessary packaging is designed to be safely reused, recycled or composted; and ensure that materials produced for packaging remain in the economy and avoid becoming waste or pollution. 

A Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) is useful in the packaging industry for what purpose? 

Creating a complete picture of the material energy and process flow path for a particular product, from raw materials to the end of life. 

What is COMPASS used for? 

Software tool used for performing a Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) using life cycle inventory data. 

What is a significant way to evaluate and improve the sustainability of a product?

Following the 9 step procedure form the chapter.

Identify four initiatives that support product stewardship programs.

Design for the Environment (DfE), Restrictions on Hazardous Substances (RoHS) Compliance, EPA’s Product Stewardship/Extended Product Responsibility (EPR), Product Stewardship Institute (PSI)

What considerations should be made when designing packaging for end-of-life?

1. Cradle-to-Cradle design

2. Multiple end-of-life options

3. Packaging that breaks down easily into recyclable components

4. Recycling standards and capabilities

5. Reuse

6. Take-back programs

The fifth step in package design is to identify internal requirements that include what considerations?

Economics, marketing, protection, performance and consumer information

In which step among the nine steps in the Environmental Packaging Procedure Template does the actual package design occur?

Step 8

Which regulation sets forth nine general principles on environmental labels and declarations?

ISO 14020

To comply with the Green Guides, list the five claims that must be substantiated.

1. Impact reduction strategies, Biodegradability, Recycled content, Recyclability, Greenwashing 

Define the term product stewardship.

Whoever designs, makes, sells or uses a product; they take responsibility for minimizing its environmental impact. 

What consideration should supersede all others when designing a package?

Applicable regulations are in force at the destination of the package.

Define the term greenwashing.

A provider trying to look more environmentally preferable than it really is.

Referencing Section 5 of the FIC Act, what do the C,æen Guides prohibit? 

“Unfair or deceptive advertising, acts or practices in or affecting commerce. A claim must tell the truth and not mislead consumers”

Name the four process colors.

Cyan, magenta, yellow, and a key color (black)

Name the four principal printing methods. 

Relief, paleographic, gravure and digital 

When referring to an illustration, what is line art?

An illustration where the colors are not blended; each color is a single hue. 

Which will produce the better illustration: a 65-line screen or a 100-line screen? What do the numbers represent?

100-line screen. The numbers represent the numbers of dots per linear inch (dpi).

Why are printing plates for separate colors set at different angles for printing?

To prevent moire patterns.

What printing problem must be resolved when printing round containers? What is the printing method called?

Registration between colors, which is resolved by offset letterpress because all the colors are transferred to a blanket cylinder, which then applies the ink to the container. 

What is the difference between a web press and a sheet-fed press? Which printing processes are most typically web-fed and which are most typically sheet-fed?

Sheet-fed presses run cut blanks of substrate; web-fed presses run the material directly off a roll. Gravure is always web-fed, but litho and flexo can be either one

What kind of press would be best for printing a highly extensible web such as a thin polyethylene?

Web-fed central impression flexo

What decorative effects cannot be achieved with conventional four-color printing processes? 

Hot-stamping; embossing; and producing glossy, reflective metallics. 

What is the "key color," and why is it used?

Black, or another dark color, used in process printing, to add depth and contrast to an image.

What is meant by a printing process described as being "offset?"

Ink is not applied directly to the substrate from the plates. 

What decorating process would you choose for plastic bottles?

Silk screen or offset letterpress

What is a central impression press?

A press in which print stations are grouped around the central impression drum.

All graphic artwork should be compared under standard light conditions. Why and how is this light specified?

At 5,000 K - northern daylight at noon; defined so the variation due to lighting are not a factor in color matching.

What does the term "brightness" describe? Why is it an important characteristic of a surface being process printed?

The amount of light reflected. It is important in printing because most inks are transparent, so the brighter the substrate, the more light that is reflected back through the ink.

What are a blanket cylinder, an anilox roll and an impression cylinder? 

A blanket cylinder accepts ink from the plates and transfers it to the substrate (lithography)/ An anilox roll accepts ink and transfers it to the printing plate (flexography). An impression cylinder puts pressure to the backside of a substrate so ink can be transferred from the blanket or plate cylinder (lithography, flexography, and gravure). 

Name one advantage and one disadvantage of gravure printing. 

Advantage: Heavy ink laydown

Disadvantage: Expensive cylinder

An illustration that is printed in one color but that has variations in saturation of that color is called a

Continuous tone

"Trap" is used to describe two conditions? 

Deliberate overlap of adjoining ink colors to compensate for press movement and ability of ink to adhere over undried ink already applied.

Name two advantages of using shrink-sleeve labeling. 

Can be removed for container recycling

Can be used to consolidate several items into a multipack 

What printing process would not be suitable for printing plastic bread bags?

Offset lithography

What two colors provide the greatest contrast to the human eye? 

Black and yellow

Name one advantage and one disadvantage of screen printing. 

Advantage: low-cost plates

Disadvantage: Slow speed

A hard metallic sheen can be printed only by what process? 

Hot-stamping

What does "bleed" mean?

Occurs when extending a printed area beyond the dyelines to allow for press movement.

What are the reasons that make it difficult to get exact replication of a printed image using digital proofing methods? 

Different substrates, CMYK inks used for digital. Compared with PMS inks used for other processes, process printing uses halftone dots whereas digital uses line patterns and differences in dot gain and trapping. 

What is a Color Key, and what is it used for? 

A series of photographic transparencies of the color separation in generic color used to show how the color image will be assembled. 

What factors make an analog proof closer to what can be printed than a digital proof? 

Inks, substrates and press characteristics are closer to reality of printing on an analog press, as long as the final printing is not done on a digital press. 

Name one advantage and one disadvantage of in-mold labeling. 

Advantage: Eliminates the need for labeling equipment 

Disadvantage: Bottle shape limitations

Which shrink sleeve label plastic offers the least amount of shrink, and which offers the highest amount? 

Least shrink, OPP

Highest shrink, PETG

What printing method would you choose for decorating the top of a dome-shaped plastic closure? 

Pad printing

What is one advantage and one disadvantage of digital printing? 

Advantages: Short runs are more economical

Disadvantages: Ink is more expensive compared with other printing methods

What is the purpose of a colorimeter or densitometer? What principle do they use to work? What are the limitations of using them?

Colorimeter or densitometer measure color and assign numerical values to the amount of each color component reflected. The L*a*b system for numerically describing colors is used. Limitations are that the instruments don't allow for shapes, adjacent colors, texture and other factors affecting human color perception. It can only verify that the inks/paper are the same as the standard which is programmed into the equipment.