Reproduction (The last unit…) and final

Meiosis

Meiosis

formation of haploid gametes

Haploid

one set of chromosomes

diploid

two sets of chromosomes

The testes

Functions

Sperm production, Testosterone Production

the testes

Sperm Production

in seminiferous tubules

the testes

Testosterone production

Leydig interstitial cells

interstitial cells of Leydig

Spermatic Cord Contains the

vas deferens, testicular artery and vein (pampiniform plexus), smooth muscle, nerves, and lymphatics

spermatic cord helps to regulate

temperature

Descent of Testes location

In fetus, testes are located along the posterior abdominal wall, near kidneys, retroperitoneal

what secretion triggers the testes descendent

Testosterone

testes led into position by the

gubernaculum ( fibromuscular cord )

If testicles don’t descend what’s it called

Undescended testicles

need surgery by first birthday can causse infertility

Rete testes

Complex network of channels; goes into epididymis

Seminiferous Tubules lined with

germinal epithelium ( makes sperm )

what cells produced testosterone

interstitial cells

Sperm

what enzymes break down the egg membrane

Hyaluronidase

sperm

what supplies the energy for swimming

mitochondria

Immature sperm move from the testis to the

epididymis

epididymis secretes

glycogen to nourish sperm

what is the muscular tube running upward as part of the spermatic cord from the epididymis to the ejaculatory duct

vas Deferens

vas Deferens function

a sperm duct ( only sperm are carried through the vas deferens )

Seminal Vesicles Describe

Paired glands

Where they connect is the dividing point between the vas deferens and the ejaculatory duct

seminal vesicles functions

Secretes an alkaline fluid

seminal vesicles what in the alkaline fluid that is being secreted

fructose-ascorbic acid-coagulating enzymes- prostaglandins

Added to sperm during ejaculation

alkaline fluid

Seminal Vesicles function also includes suppressing an

immune response by the female against the foreign semen

The short duct

Begins where the vas deferens and the seminal vesicle meet

Ends where urethra begins

Located in the prostate gland

Ejaculatory duct

seminal vesicles is an what gland

Accessory

an prostate gland is a what gland

Accessory

describe the prostate gland

Single, doughnut shaped gland

Inferior to the bladder

Secretes a thin, milky fluid into urethra during ejaculation

what are the functions of the prostate gland

Secretes fluid containing enzymes that help activate sperm (motility)

Neutralize seminal fluid and vaginal secretions

A Bulbourethral / Cowper’s Glands are what type of gland

Accessory glands

Describe the Bulbourethral / Cowper’s Glands

2 Pea sized glands- Inferior to the prostate

what are the functions Bulbourethral / Cowper’s Glands

Produces a thick mucus just before ejaculation that ‘flushes’ the urethra

Secrete a lubricant fluid for sexual intercourse

describe the urethra

Tube at the end of the reproductive tract

After the ejaculatory duct

functions of the Urethra

carries urine and semen

can urine and semen in males be released at the same time

NO

Sperm can live for weeks in the male repro tract, but die within

1-2 days of leaving

20 million sperm per ejaculation

is clinically sterile

how many quarts of sperm produced in the lifetime

18

frozen sperm can be stored for

years

Seminal Vesicles, Prostate Gland, and Bulbourethral Gland Help Create

Semen

Semen is a mixture of sperm and

accessory gland secretions (seminal fluid)

Accessory gland secretions allow for the sperm to

live and carry out their task in the woman

Sperm are inactive until they are mixed with

the secretions from the accessory organs

60% of semen is

seminal vesicle secretions

seminal vesicle secretions

High in pH alkaline

Neutralizes acidic vagina

seminal vesicle secretions

fructose Ascorbic acid

Nutrients for Sperm Cells

seminal vesicle secretions

Coagulating enzyme

Clump for a united front to survive the angry vagina

seminal vesicle secretions

prostaglandins

Sperm transport – fight off immune attacks

Male External Reproductive Parts

Penis-Scrotum ( Contain testicles )

Describe the scrotum

A sac of skin and connective tissue (superficial fascia)

Medial septum dividing it into two chambers for testes

what is the name of the muscle in scrotal wall causes skin to hang loosely or be held close to the body

Dartos

Dartos muscle helps with

Temperature regulation

sperm suspended outside

pelvis

Describe the penis internally

Three long, cylindrical erectile bodies which are made of connective tissue and smooth muscle, and vascular spaces

Functions of the penis

Delivers sperm to the female reproductive system; urine

The penis has 3 columns of

Erectile tissue

( 2 corpora cavernosa has artery)

(1 corpus spongiosum contain the urethra )

Erection, Orgasm, Ejaculation

Vascular spaces become engorged with blood as arteries dilate, veins

compress (blood in, not out)

Culmination of sexual stimulation, accompanied by emission and ejaculation

Orgasm

Movement of seminal fluid into urethra; due to sympathetic nerve reflexes involving peristaltic contraction smooth muscles

Emission

Forceful expulsion of seminal fluid (sympathetic nerves constrict the arteries, vascular spaces contract, blood can leave through veins) = FLACCID penis results

Ejaculation

Spontaneous emissions and ejaculations that occur in adolescent males during sleep (caused by hormonal changes during puberty)

Nocturnal Emissions

Nocturnal Emissions caused by

hormonal changes during puberty

FSH released in males

causes Spermatogenesis

LH release in males

causes increased testosterone production from the testes

(promotes development of interstitial cells – secrete testosterone)

Major hormone

In fetus and just after birth, then secretion stops until after puberty

Stimulates production of the male reproductive organs and testes descent

Puberty  enlargement of testes and accessory organs; development of secondary sex characteristics

Testosterone

Male Secondary Sexual Characteristics

Body Hair

Enlargement of larynx; thickening of vocal cords (deepens voice)

Thickening of skin

Increased muscle growth, broad shoulders, narrow hips

Thicken and strengthen bones

Increase cellular metabolism

Increased rate of blood cell production

Stimulation of sexual activity

Level of Testosterone Remains Relatively Constant Due to

Negative Feedback (Pituitary & Hypothalamus)

Primary female reproductive organs

Paired female sex glands/gonads

Ovaries

Ovaries suspended by

ligaments (specialized peritoneum)

ovaries Descend like testes but

stay inside pelvic cavity

what produce gametes ( eggs, oocytes, Ova) by oogenesis

Ovaries

Corpus Luteum CL in ovaries does what

Produces and secretes estrogen from follicles and progesterone

Ovary medulla

inner part; loose connective tissue, vasculature, nerves, lymphatics

Ovary cortex

follicles and germinal epithelium

Develop from primordial follicles in ovary (several million formed before birth)

Each primordial follicle contains one large cell = PRIMARY OOCYTE  All formed before birth

Several million formed  1 million at birth  400,000 at puberty  Only 400-500 released during reproductive years

Ovum

FSH in Females

Ovaries enlarge; Develops follicle in ovary

↑ in estrogen from follicle

LH in Females

Causes ovulation

formation of corpus luteum

↑ in estrogen and progesterone

Theca cells produce

Estrogen

Zona pellucida

thick, tough membrane

Zona pellucida Once a sperm enters

becomes impermeable

Corona radiata

rim of follicular cells

Corona radiata rim of follicular cells Each month up to 20 follicles begin to mature

Only 1 does

Ovulation

As follicle matures, oocyte undergoes

oogenesis → SECONDARY OOCYTE

Ovulation oogenesis characteristics

Follicles swell, its wall weakens and ruptures

Oocyte and fluid ooze into peritoneal cavity and picked up by fimbriae

The pathway that the ova travels to get to the uterus

No direct contact with ovaries

Made of mucosa (w cilia), muscle (peristalsis), peritoneum

Fallopian Tubes

Fallopian tubes are made of

Mucosa peristalsis peritoneum

what are the fallopian tubes functions

Receives the egg from ovary through the peritoneal cavity

Site of fertilization

During an (abnormal) ectopic pregnancy, this is one of the sites of implantation of the fertilized egg

what is the site of fertilization in the body

Fallopian tubes

female –Hollow, muscular (smooth), thick-walled organ

Uterus

Receives, retains, and nourishes the fertilized ovum these are all function of the

Uterus

Parts of the Uterus

Perimetrium

Endometrium

Myometrium

Cervix

Parts of the Uterus

Perimetrium

outer, visceral peritoneum

Parts of the Uterus

Endometrium

the inner lining

Parts of the Uterus

myometrium

middle muscle layer

Parts of the Uterus

Cervix

the narrow uterine neck, the outlet into the vagina

The three ligaments and the uterus

Broad ligament

Round ligament

Ovarian ligament

suspensory ligament

ligaments of the uterus

Broad ligament

Large and flat

supports uterus

ligaments of the uterus

Round ligament

Tubular ligament

Runs from the uterus towards the labia majora

Supports the uterus