EXAM 3 Psychology 4008 (Baumeister)

CHAPTER 6

Scottish Realism

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a philosophy of the human mind also

known as "common sense philosophy."

Thomas Reid and Thomas Brown took issue with the extreme Humean view of reality on the grounds that such an idea violates common sense.

Rejected mind is little more than a collection of associated ideas.

Argued the mind had an independent existence in reality, was active, and composed of various interacting attributes called faculties.

Intellectual faculties

-Memory

-Reasoning

-Judgement

Active faculties

-Emotions

-Will

faculty psychology

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The theory that different mental abilities, such as reading or computation, are independent and autonomous functions, carried out in different parts of the brain.

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Derived from Scottish philosophical movement called Scottish Realism.

First fully empirical psychology.

Thomas Upham wrote America's first psychology textbook Elements of Mental Philosophy.

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Intellect (cognition)

Sensibilities (emotion)

Will (action)

The Modern University

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Began to develop after Civil War.

John Hopkins University became prototype.

Education limited for to middle to upper class white males.

The women's sphere

African American education also limited.

variability hypothesis

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men had a greater degree of variability than women on a number of traits including intelligence.

William James: The First of New Psychologist

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Crucial to development of modern psychology.

Pragmatism

Wrote The Principles of Psychology

James Lange theory of emotion

spiritualism

pragmatism (James)

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concept of free will, in which the truth value of the idea was a consequence of its functional value or usefulness

The Principles of Psychology (James)

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Defined psychology as the science of mental life, both of its phenomena and their conditions.

introspection

brass instrument psychology

He opposed any analytic approach presumed to understand consciousness by reducing it to its elements.

Tip of the tongue phenomenon.

Interested in function of consciousness.

introspection (James)

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careful, self observation, and examination and reflection of the states of consciousness that characterize one's mental life

brass instrument psychology (James)

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a phrase to sum up the boring experimental laboratory approach, with its emphasis on precise laboratory apparatus often constructed using brass

consciousness (James)

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a stream of thought

spiritualism (James)

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believed consciousness survived death and that those who died could be contacted by mediums, who in turn could convey messages from the dead to the living

G. Stanley Hall: Professionalizing the New Psychology

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genetic psychology

genetic psychology (Hall)

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the study of the evolution and development of the human mind, and included comparative, abnormal, and developmental psychology

G. Stanley Hall on Developmental Psychology

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Studied children and adolescence.

Recapitulation

Hall extended to psychological development of individual reflected evolutionary history.

recapitualtion (Hall)

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an organism's stages of development, from cell to a fully formed individual, can be seen as the recapitulation of the evolution of the species.

G. Stanley Hall on Psychoanalysis

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Preoccupation with sex and interest in abnormal behavior led him to become fascinated by Freud.

Mary Whiton Calkins: Challenging the Male Monopoly

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Found that graduate education for women was limited.

She was an unofficial guest at Clark University.

paired associate learning

self psychology

paired associate learning (Calkins)

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subjects studied stimulus response pairs comprised of sequentially presented color patches and numbers then tried to recall the number responses when shown the color stimuli.

Emphasized the importance of frequency.

self psychology (Calkins)

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psychology could be the study of mental life, but that the central fact of psychology must be that all consciousness contains an element of the self.

Christine Ladd-Franklin

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Wrote book on binocular vision.

Developed theory of color vision that was grounded in evolutionary theory.

Margaret Floy Washburn

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Titchener's first PhD student.

First woman to earn doctorate in psychology.

Studied perception, imagery, social consciousness, and developed a motor theory of consciousness.

Best known for comparative psychology.

George Trumbull Ladd

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Wrote Elements of Physiological Psychology

Philosophically based psychology that relied on introspection to study mind.

Contributed to experimental psychology.

James Mark Baldwin

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Contributed to experimental psychology.

assimilation and accommodation

A founder, with Hall, of developmental psychology.

Baldwin effect

Helped promote psychology as profession.

assimilation (Baldwin)

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related new concepts to already known concepts

accommodation (Baldwin)

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developing new concepts

Baldwin effect

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a form of general learning ability, especially social learning involving imitation, could be selected, allowing for the inheritance of abilities that could allow for the rapid learning of complex processes

19th century saw rapid growth of higher education in the western world

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Driven by advances in science and technology.

Progressive movement expanded academics into new areas.

-idea that gov can play role in promoting social welfare.

Protestant connection

-believe ultimate authority is Bible, important for people to read.

In America: Morrill Land Grant Act 1862

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gave states land it they started universities

A&M colleges

inequality of opportunity for women and minorities

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higher education primarily for teacher training

separate but unequal women's colleges and black universities

Francis Sumner

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First African American to receive a Ph.D in psychology

Kenneth and Mamie Clark

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Used dolls to study children's attitude towards race. Their findings were used in the Brown vs. Board trial.

President of APA

Pre-Jamesian American Psychology

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influenced by Scottish Realism

common sense philosophy

Thomas Reid

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Presbyterian minister

rationalist philosopher

leader of Scottish realism

known for faculty psychology

common sense philosophy (Reid)

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"what is manifestly contrary to common sense is absurd

Reid's Faculties

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active powers

-self preservation

-self esteem

-hunger

-desire for power

-gratitude

-pity

-imitation

-duty

-imagination

intellectual powers

-perception

-judgment

-memory

-conception

-moral taste

Faculties are innate, universal, and active.

Gall got his list from Reid.

Thomas Upham

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presbyterian minister and professor of mental and moral philosophy at Bowdin College

wrote Elements of Mental Philosophy

-1st American psych textbook

3 faculties/Trilogy of Mind

-intellect (cognition)

-sensibilities (emotion)

-will (action)

2 mental states

-the intellect

-the sensibilities

William James

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1st American psychologist

many consider him a functionalist

transitional figure between German structuralism and American functionalism

-thought German structuralism was boring.

-critical of German elementalism, didn't believe elements are in consciousness.

-emphasized the process and function

consciousness "goes on", it is a stream, it is dynamic, evolved for a use

The Principles of Psychology

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Defined psychology as the science of mental life, both its phenomena (conscious experience) and their conditions (biological basis).

3 methods

-introspection

-experiment

-comparative

James on truth

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truth is a property of an idea, statement, or belief

correspondence theory

-idea is true if it corresponds to reality.

-makes good common sense but is philosophically problematic; assume metaphysical realism.

-natural truth is about what is.

-moral truth is about what ought to be.

James' pragmatic theory of truth

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new school of philosophy called pragmatism

defines truth in terms of utility

an idea is true, not because it corresponds to the way the world really is, but because of the way we experience it

it is true if we experience it as useful

problem with pragmatism is relativism: truth becomes relative to person, place, and time

James's self

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divides self into subject and object

I is subject

Me is object

Me: the empirical self (James)

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everything you refer by the word mine

material self

-my things, my body, my clothes, my family.

social self

-my relations to other people.

spiritual self

-my mental faculties, personality, values.

I: the pure ego (James)

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the self as knower, the component of psyche that knows and observes the me

the I is a thought, the thoughts themselves are thinkers

James on consciousness

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clearest definition is the personal self of the individual

unable to define it so lists its characteristics

characteristics of consciousness (James)

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1. consciousness is personal

2. consciousness is continuous

3. consciousness is in constant flux

4. consciousness is a selecting agency

5. consciousness is useful

James on free will

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disturbed to point of depression by materialistic determinist view of life emerging from science

freedom may be an illusion, but it is a useful concept; this is pragmatism

James on habit

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habits are automatic and enduring patterns of behavior; like instincts, but brought about by experience; they are learned through repetition

adaptive significance

-enable consciousness to focus on important survival problems.

-preserves social order

habit formation in early life determines destiny

James on emotion

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emotion is the consequence of perception of bodily reactions rather than the cause of the reaction

act the way you want to feel

now called James Lange theory of emotion

The Varieties of Religious Experiences (James)

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describes the types of religious experiences like feeling God's presence, knowing the will of God, and seeing God's work in nature

analyzes religious experience from a psychological perspective

religious experiences are perceived as real, can have profound and lasting effects (positive/adaptive) and are real and should be taken seriously

parapsychology (James)

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took possibility of consciousness after death serious though skeptical

1884 founded American Society for Psychical Research

studied communication with the dead through seances, investigating techniques and validity of mediums

created scandal in psychology

-Cattell said "though all acknowledge James' leadership, we cannot follow him into quagmires"

G. Stanley Hall

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1st American doctorate in psych

1888 became 1st president of Clark University, opened up to minorities

founded 1st experimental psych lab in America 1883

founded American Journal of Psychology 1887

founded American Psychological Association and became 1st president 1892

Hall's psychology

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1. developmental psychology

2. genetic/evolutional psychology

linked by recapitulation theory

recapitulation theory

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proposed by Ernst Haeckel

biological development of an organism mimicked the evolutionary progression of its species

ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny

-developmental process reproduces the evolutionary process

-Hall extended concept from biology to psychology

life span developmental psychology (Hall)

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childhood

-wrote The Contents of Children's Minds

adolescence

-wrote 1st textbook

-established adolescence as a distinct stage of development.

-father of adolescence

senescence

-pioneered study of elderly

-wrote Senescence, The Last Half of Life

-father of gerontology

Hall on education

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something about basket weaving

educational tracking

against coed

educational tracking (Hall)

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different curricula for students with different futures

education of boys (Hall)

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emphasis on the development of manhood through exercise and team sports and minimizing draining academic study

education of girls (Hall)

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emphasis of preparation for marriage and motherhood

Hall and Freud

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overlap

-child development

-human sexuality

Hall invited Freud to give lectures

stimulated development of psychoanalytic movement in America

Mary Whiton Calkins

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-unofficial guest in James' lab

-invented paired associates learning task

-examined frequency, primacy, recency in paired associates learning

1905 1st woman president of APA

Margaret Floy Washburn

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1st woman to earn doctorate in psychology

2nd woman president of APA

published research in color perception, imagery, and social consciousness (empathy and altruism)

published The Animal Mind

Ladd

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published Elements of Physiological Psychology

introduced Wundt's experimental psych to America

Baldwin

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pioneer in developmental psych with Hall

wrote Mental Development in the Child and the Race

introduced concepts of assimilation and accommodation that later influenced Piaget

Baldwin effect is learning by imitation was an evolutionary adaptation

CHAPTER 7

structuralism

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like anatomy. Purpose is analysis. Analyze the human mind and organize it into its elementary units.

functionalism

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like physiology. Examines how the various parts of the body operate and the functions they serve to help keep people alive. Study how the mind serves to adapt people to the environment.

Anatomy provides the foundation for physiology.

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structuralism > functionalism

the manuals

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2 volumes Qualitative Experiments and Quantitative Experiments.

drill course

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students replicated classic studies, learned how to set up and work the "brass instruments", and became acclimated to the laboratory environment.

observer

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the research subject

The Experimentalists

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-Titchener felt like an outsider in APA.

-Created informal club known as Experimentalists.

-All men.

Titchener's Structuralist System

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Goals

-Analysis

-Synthesis

-Explanation

Introspection was at the center of methodology.

Problem of introspection: it's impossible to have conscious experience and reflect on it at same time.

3 solutions

-Rely on memory.

-Break experience into stages. -Introspective habit

introspective habit

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when introspective attitude is ingrained into someone's system, it's possible for them to only take mental notes while observation is in progress without interfering with consciousness but also jot notes down. Difficult for modern day psychologists to understand as this lab training no longer exists.

Structural Elements of Human Conscious Experience

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3 elementary mental processes

-Sensations

-Images

-Affects

attributes

-Quality

-Intensity

-Duration

-Clearness

sensations

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basic elements of perception.

images

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components of ideas

affects

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building blocks of emotions

attributes

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various features

quality

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what distinguishes one sensation from another

intensity

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strength of the stimulus

duration

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measurable amount of time

clearness

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gives a sensation its place in a consciousness

Evaluating Titchener's Contributions

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Introspection problem illustrated in 2 controversies

-Conflict with Baldwin over reaction time.

-Imageless thought by Kulpe.

social darwinism

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Herbert Spencer said survivors were winners of fierce battles for limited resources.

Evolutionary forces were natural and inevitable and that any attempt on the part of humans to alter these forces was misdirected and harmful.

Chicago Functionalists

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John Dewey: The Reflex Arc

-Believed dividing the reflex into components was artificial.

-Proposed a model of reflex on structural approach, not functional.

-An integrated, coordinated whole that serves the function of adapting the organism to its environment.

-Said psychologists should be concerned with how action functions to promote well-being in the struggle to adapt to the changing world.

-Progressive education

James R. Angell: The Province of Functional Psychology

-Valuable research in reaction time, imagery, and sound localization.

-Most visible spokesperson for functionalism.

-Said anatomy involves material objects that can be manipulated, observed, and measured with precision, but mental contents are evanescent and fleeting.

-Function of consciousness is allowing the individual to solve problems and adapt to new situations.

Harvey Carr: The Maturing of Functionalism

-Maze learning.

progressive education

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John Dewey led movement that focused on personal growth, not mastery of body of knowledge and learning through experience.

educational reform

Columbia Functionalists

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James McKeen Cattell: An American Galton

-Mental test

-Professionalizing psychology.

Edward L. Thorndike: Cats in Puzzle Boxes

-Educational psychology and psychological testing.

-Remembered for studying how cats learned to escape from puzzle boxes.

-trial and error learning

-connectionism

-law of effect

-law of exercise

-ethology

Robert S. Woodworth: A Dynamic Psychology

-Remembered for his research with Thorndike on transfer of training, dynamic psychology with emphasis on drives and organismic variables, and impact on students.

-transfer

-SOR model

-independent variable

-dependent variable

mental test

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Instrument designed to measure a subject's ability to reason, plan, and solve problems; an intelligence test.

trial and error learning

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making connections between stimuli and successful responses. Unsuccessful behaviors drop out and the successful one strengthened.

connectionism

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another name for Thorndike's learning model.

law of effect

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responses that work will strengthen, whereas those that don't work will weaken and eventually disappear.

law of exercise

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the connection between stimulus situation and response would strengthen with practice.

Similar to Skinner's operant conditioning.

ethology

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the study of animal behavior in its "natural" surroundings.

transfer

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derived from fundamental problem in higher education, the validity of claims made on behalf of the doctrine of formal discipline. Belief that the curriculum for higher education should be designed to "exercise" and strengthen the intellectual faculties.

SOR model

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psychologists must understand not just the stimulus and response but also the organism that responds to the stimulus and produces the behaviors.

independent variable

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manipulation of a factor that was the main focus of the study

dependent variable

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measure of behavior

structuralism and functionalism

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main difference was the subject matter of psychology

structure vs function

both valued study of conscious experience and some functionalists valued introspection

structuralism is overthrown

functionalism morphs into behaviorism