SI-Generated Mock Exam 1 - Pathophysiology & Pathology Vocabulary

Vocabulary flashcards covering key concepts from the notes to aid exam preparation.

Polycystic Kidney Disease (PKD)

Autosomal dominant inherited kidney disorder characterized by multiple renal cysts.

Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS)

Teratogenic disorder resulting from maternal alcohol use during pregnancy.

Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)

Pituitary hormone that promotes water conservation; helps compensate fluid deficit by retaining fluid.

Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA)

Metabolic complication of insulin deficiency causing ketosis and metabolic acidosis.

Cold extremities in hemorrhagic shock

Peripheral vasoconstriction to preserve core temperature and perfusion.

Rhabdomyosarcoma

Malignant tumor arising from skeletal muscle.

ADH not released during hypoglycemia

ADH is not a primary hypoglycemia stress hormone; others include epinephrine, cortisol, GH, and glucagon.

Metaplasia

Reversible replacement of one differentiated cell type with another due to irritation.

Immunosenescence

Age-related decline in immune function affecting prognosis and infection risk.

McArdle’s Disease

Autosomal recessive muscle glycogen storage disease; deficiency of muscle glycogen phosphorylase.

Hypopolarization

Increased cellular excitability due to a shorter polar gap and a less negative resting membrane potential.

Sickle Cell Disease pathophysiology

Abnormal hemoglobin causes red blood cell sickling and ischemia due to vaso-occlusion.

Glycogenolysis

Breakdown of glycogen to glucose, stimulated by glucagon and epinephrine.

Antioxidants against free radicals

SOD, vitamin C, and vitamin E neutralize free radicals.

Natriuretic Peptide System (NPS)

Hormones that promote natriuresis and diuresis to reduce fluid overload.

Oncogene

Gene that drives cancer development when mutated or overexpressed.

Chromosomal disorder

Disorder caused by abnormal chromosome number or structure affecting gene function.

Philadelphia chromosome

t(9;22) translocation producing BCR-ABL fusion gene in CML, promoting leukemogenesis.

Hyperosmolality

High osmolality causing high tonicity, high osmotic pressure, and high oncotic pressure.

TNM cancer staging

System where T = primary tumor size/extent, N = regional lymph nodes, M = metastasis.

Hypotonic IV solution

Fluid with lower osmolarity (e.g., 0.45% NaCl) used to treat dehydration with cellular swelling.

Cachexia

Severe weight loss, anorexia, and muscle wasting in chronic disease like cancer.

Sickle cell inheritance (AA x AS)

Offspring have about 50% chance of being carriers (AS); no disease when mother is AA.

Chvostek’s sign labs

Indicates hypocalcemia; may include associated electrolyte abnormalities such as hypernatremia and hypokalemia.

Metabolic acidosis with respiratory compensation

Metabolic acidosis triggers increased ventilation to blow off CO2 (respiratory compensation).

Respiratory compensation for metabolic alkalosis

Renal compensation for metabolic alkalosis involves excreting bicarbonate or retaining hydrogen ions.

Autosomal recessive diseases (SCD & McArdle’s)

Diseases requiring two mutated alleles; examples include sickle cell disease and McArdle’s disease.

Necrosis

Pathologic cell death due to injury or lack of blood supply.

Hypopolarization details

Depolarization-related state where the cell becomes more excitable due to less negative RMP.

Metabolic acidosis (lab features)

Low pH with low HCO3¯ due to excess acid accumulation.

Atrophy

Decrease in cell size (often from disuse or aging).

Benign tumor characteristics

Grow slowly, do not metastasize, and are well-differentiated.

Angiogenesis in cancer

Tumor-induced growth of blood vessels to supply the tumor with nutrients.

Acute vs chronic ischemia

Chronic ischemia is gradual and allows adaptation; acute ischemia is sudden and worse.

Hyperkalemia and hypopolarization

High potassium can depolarize cells, making the resting potential less negative (hypopolarization).

Hypercalcemia, hyponatremia, hypokalemia (hyperpolarization)

Hyperpolarization occurs with certain electrolyte imbalances, typically calcium and sodium changes.

Type I diabetes parent education – common misconceptions

Key concept: insulin deficiency requires monitoring; statements suggesting glucose processing easily are incorrect.

Wernicke-Korsakoff Syndrome

Neurological disorder in alcoholism with memory loss and ataxia.

Metabolic compensation fill-in (61)

Metabolic acidosis: respiratory hyperventilation; metabolic alkalosis: respiratory hypoventilation; respiratory alkalosis: respiratory-driven changes; respiratory acidosis: metabolic compensation via hypoventilation.

Pathway: RAAS

Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System; promotes vasoconstriction and Na+/water retention.

RAAS mechanism (detailed)

Renin → Angiotensin I → Angiotensin II; Ang II causes vasoconstriction and stimulates aldosterone.

Natriuretic peptide system vs RAAS

NPS promotes natriuresis/diuresis to reduce volume; RAAS promotes retention of Na+ and water.

Gout lifestyle factors

Dietary purines (red meat, certain fish) and alcohol increase gout risk.

Free radicals description

Unstable molecules generated by aging, drugs, alcohol; antioxidants help counteract them.

Carbon monoxide poisoning risk factors

Check for malfunctioning heaters; CO binds hemoglobin with high affinity, reducing oxygen delivery.

Cell injury biomarkers

Creatine kinase (CK), myoglobin, and troponin are used to assess cell damage.

Dysplasia (smoking effect)

Abnormal, disordered cell growth from chronic irritation (smoking) before cancer develops.

Iatrogenic kidney injury

Kidney injury caused by medical treatment or interventions.

Positive sequela

Favorable outcome following a disease or treatment.

Metabolic alkalosis from antacids

Excess antacids raise pH and bicarbonate levels, causing metabolic alkalosis.

Respiratory compensation for metabolic alkalosis

Hypoventilation to retain CO2 and counteract alkalosis.

Autosomal dominant disorders (PKD)

PKD is inherited in an autosomal dominant pattern.

Down syndrome (chromosomal disorder)

Trisomy 21; chromosomal disorder due to an extra chromosome 21.

RAAS in hypovolemia

RAAS activation leads to retention of Na+ and water to raise blood pressure.

Liver disease and blood flow distribution

Liver disease can alter hemodynamics, causing redistribution of blood to tissues.

Which system governs fluid retention vs excretion?

RAAS promotes retention; Natriuretic Peptide System promotes excretion to reduce volume.

Sickle cell fatigue mechanism

Chronic hemolysis and ischemia reduce oxygen delivery to tissues, causing fatigue.

PKD patient education – inheritance

PKD is autosomal dominant; one affected parent can pass the gene.

PKD symptoms

Back pain with hematuria, recurrent kidney infections and stones are common.

RAAS detailed mechanism

Renin → Angiotensin I → Angiotensin II; Ang II causes vasoconstriction and aldosterone release.

Natriuretic Peptide System (NPS) and overload

NPS acts to reduce volume by promoting natriuresis and diuresis.

Hypotonic solution use in hypotonic state

Hypertonic solutions are used to raise osmolality when needed.

Metabolic acidosis lab pattern

Low pH with low HCO3¯; a metabolic origin.

Metabolic acidosis compensation

Hyperventilation to blow off CO2 and raise pH.

Benign tumor vs malignant

Benign tumors are non-metastatic, well-differentiated, and slow-growing.

Angiogenesis and tumor nourishment

Tumors induce blood vessel growth to receive nutrients and oxygen.

Ischemia types and warning signs

Chronic ischemia develops gradually with fewer acute warning signs; acute ischemia has abrupt onset.

Hypopolarization and electrolyte changes

Hyperkalemia can cause depolarization (hypopolarization) of cell membranes.

Hyperpolarization electrolyte profile

Hypercalcemia, hyponatremia, and hypokalemia can contribute to hyperpolarization.

Type I diabetes parental education – common misconceptions (review)

Parental understanding should reflect insulin dependence and risk of ketosis; not ‘no insulin.’