✨✨Chapter 28: Female Reproductive

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The most abundant form of estrogen in females is

A. estradiol.

B. estriol.

C. estrin.

D. estrone.

E. estrace.

estradiol

The vaginal secretion has a pH of about 3.5 to 4.0. This pH _____ and is primarily caused by the production of _____.

A. stimulates sperm; carbonic acid

B. stimulates sperm; lactic acid

C.inhibits pathogens; carbonic acid

D. inhibits pathogens; lactic acid

E. inhibits pathogens; yeast

inhibits pathogens; lactic acid

The thick muscular layer of the uterus is the

endometrium.

perimetrium.

myometrium.

uterometrium.

none of these

myometrium

This is the structure that ruptures during ovulation.

cortical gyrus

tertiary follicle

secondary follicle

theca interna

all of these

tertiary follicle

The stratum ____ of the endothelium is shed in each menstrual period.

functionalis

Which of the following statements about the uterine cycle is true?

the first occurrence is termed menarche

it is ultimately controlled by GnRH

it is skipped in pregnancy

it often involves painful myometrial contraction

all are true

all are true

The layer of uterine mucosa that is shed in menstruation is called

the stratum basale.

the stratum functionalis.

the myometrium.

the perimetrium.

the stratum vasculare.

the stratum functionalis

The vestibular bulbs serve to

secrete mucus into the uterus.

constrict the vagina during intercourse.

lubricate the cervical canal.

lubricate the vagina.

neutralize vaginal acidity.

constrict the vagina during intercourse

This placental hormone suppresses FSH and LH secretions, suppresses uterine contractions, and prevents menstruation.

human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG)

estrogen

progesterone

human chorionic somatomammotropin (HCS)

lutenizing hormone (LH)

progesterone

Which of these occurs in first-stage labor?

crowning

effacement

expulsion

tenting

involution

effacement

In the last day or two of the preovulatory phase, estrogen levels are high and these two hormones surge dramatically.

progesterone and FSH

FSH and LH

LH and inhibin

LH and inhibin

FSH and inhibin

FSH and LH

The theca folliculi secrete _____ and the granulosa cells secrete ____.

FSH; LH

androgen; estrogen

inhibin; LH

estrogen; progesterone

progesterone; FSH

androgen; estrogen

Which of the following is commonly classified as a female secondary sex characteristic?

the ovary

the labia majora

the uterus

the distribution of body fat

the vagina

the distribution of body fat

The release of an egg from the ovary is called ___.

ovulation

The uterine phase that develops because of a fall in progesterone levels is

the menses.

the proliferative phase.

the secretory phase.

the follicular phase.

the luteal phase.

the menses

In the milk ejection reflex, sensitive nerve fibers in the _____ stimulate the hypothalamus to release _____.

lactiferous sinus; oxytocin

lactiferous sinus; prolactin

areola; oxytocin

areola; prolactin

areola; progesterone

areola; oxytocin

The pigmented skin that surrounds the nipple is the

zona reticularis.

fornix.

zona pellucida.

peripapilla.

areola

areola

Blood is supplied to the endometrium by the ___ arteries between the endometrial glands.

arcuate

uterine

spiral

cardinal

gonadal

spiral

Pregnancy tests are based on the detection of ___ in the urine.

Pregnancy tests are based on the detection of ___ in the urine.

progesterone

FSH

LH

HCG

HCG

Human milk has all the following advantages over cow's milk for infant nutrition except

it has a laxative effect.

it reduces the incidence and degree of jaundice in neonates.

it has more protein.

it colonizes the infant stomach with beneficial bacteria.

it provides temporary immunity to the infant.

it has more protein

The clitoris

is derived from the same embryonic structures as the penis in males.

engorges with blood during sexual arousal.

is topped by a small erectile glans.

contains erectile tissue comparable to the corpora cavernosa of the penis.

all of these

all of these

The female reproductive tract develops from the paramesonephric duct because of the

presence of estrogen.

presence of estrogen and progesterone.

absence of testosterone.

absence of testosterone and mullerian-inhibiting factor.

absence of inhibin.

absence of testosterone and mullerian-inhibiting factor.

Which of these hormones is the cause of most puberty related changes in a female?

estrogen

progesterone

oxytocin

relaxin

chorionic gonadotropin.

estrogen

The broad ligament is

A. an extensive mesentery that encloses the ovaries, uterine tubes, and uterus.

B. a thickened fold of mesentery that supports and stabilizes the position of the ovary.

C. a pocket formed between the posterior wall of the uterus and the anterior surface of the rectum.

D. a structure that anchors the ovary to the rectouterine pouch.

E. a structure that extends from the lateral surface of the ovary to the pelvic wall.

A. an extensive mesentery that encloses the ovaries, uterine tubes, and uterus.

The prostaglandins produced in the endometrium

initiate the release of oxytocin for parturition.

stimulate smooth muscle contractions.

initiate secretory activity in the mammary glands.

all of these

none of these

stimulate smooth muscle contractions.

All of the following processes are important in follicular development. Which one occurs first?

FSH secretion

estradiol secretion

LH secretion

prolactin secretion

GnRH secretion

GnRH secretion

At the time a woman begins her next ovarian cycle, the former mature follicle of the previous cycle is

a corpus luteum.

a corpus albicans.

a corpus spongiosum.

a corpus callosum.

a corpus cavernosum.

a corpus albicans

What is one advantage of breast-feeding to the mother?

It promotes involution of the uterus.

It promotes involution of the corpus luteum.

It promotes the return of fertility.

It flushes excess calcium from the body.

It stimulates gonadotropin secretion.

It promotes involution of the uterus

A sample of a woman's blood is analyzed for reproductive hormone levels. The results indicate a high level of progesterone, relatively high levels of inhibin, and low levels of FSH and LH. The female is most likely experiencing ________ of the uterine cycle.

the proliferative phase

menses

the secretory phase

menarche

menopause

the secretory phase

The surge in luteinizing hormone that occurs during the middle of the ovarian cycle triggers

follicle maturation.

menstruation.

ovulation.

menopause.

atresia.

ovulation

A rise in the blood levels of follicle-stimulating hormone at the beginning of the ovarian cycle is responsible for

follicle maturation.

menstruation.

ovulation.

menopause.

atresia.

follicle marturation

Attachment of the conceptus to the uterine wall is called ___.

implantation

The glandular tissue of the breast consists of separate lobes, each containing several secretory ________.

lobules

In the luteal phase, the ovaries secrete mainly ___, which stimulates glycogen synthesis and mucus secretion in the uterus.

progesterone

The average length of the uterine cycle is

16 days.

19 days.

21 days.

28 days.

35 days.

28 days

Thinning of the cervical tissue during first-stage labor is called

dilation.

episiotomy.

crowning.

involution.

effacement.

effacement

Estrogen causes all of the following effects in adolescent girls except

growth of the breasts.

growth of the pubic and axillary hair.

vaginal metaplasia.

endometrial mitosis.

fat deposition.

growth of the pubic and axillary hair.

Milk is not secreted until after birth, mainly because

the mammary ducts and acini do not develop until then.

the mammary gland cells do not respond to prolactin until then.

prolactin is not secreted until then.

oxytocin is not secreted until then.

human placental lactogen is released at birth.

the mammary gland cells do not respond to prolactin until then.

A fetus is nourished by way of a disc-shaped organ, the ___, attached to the uterine wall.

amnion

chorion

trophoblast

blastocyst

placenta

placenta

Fatty folds of skin that encircle and partially conceal the labia minora and vestibule are the

fornices.

ampullae.

labia majora.

mons pubis.

vestibular arches.

labia majora

The developing individual is called a(n) ____ during the first two weeks, a(n) ____ from two through eight weeks, and a(n) _____ from the beginning of week nine until birth.

embryo; fetus; blastocyst

embryo; blastocyst; fetus

blastocyst; fetus; embryo

blastocyst; embryo; fetus

zygote; blastocyst; fetus

blastocyte; embryo; fetus

The second half of the menstrual cycle is regulated largely by

the corpus luteum.

the corpus albicans.

the corpus spongiosum.

the chloasma.

the placenta.

the corpus luteum

The myometrium contains _____ muscle, whose function is to _____.

smooth; produce labor contractions

skeletal; produce labor contractions

smooth; move eggs along the uterine tube

skeletal; move eggs along the uterine tube

skeletal; contract during menstruation

smooth; produce labor contractions

After ovulation, an egg has about ___ to be fertilized, or else it dies.

6 hours

12 hours

24 hours

2 days

3 days

24 hours

The ________ is the inner lining of the uterus.

endometrium

Which is the function of the ovaries?

secretion of hormones

production of oocytes

formation of immature gametes

secretion of inhibin

all of these

all of these

Which of the following is greater?

the number of primordial follicles in the ovaries at birth

the number of primordial follicles in the ovaries at puberty

the number of primordial follicles in the ovaries at birth

Menarche is often delayed in girls who seriously train for athletic events, such as long distance runners and dancers. Menarche is delayed in these girls because they

maintain low body fat.

produce more testosterone.

stop producing estrogen.

increase leptin secretion.

produce too much progesterone.

maintain low body fat

In early pregnancy, ___ stimulates growth of the corpus luteum.

adrenocorticotropic hormone

human placental lactogen

human chorionic somatomammotropin

human chorionic gonadotropin

progesterone

human chorionic gonadotropin

The majority of breast cancers

occur in women with a long exposure to estrogen.

have no identifiable risk factor.

are hereditary.

are linked to smoking.

are linked to high carbohydrate diets.

have no identifiable risk factor.

The vaginal secretion has a pH of about 3.5 to 4.0. This pH _____ and is primarily caused by the production of _____.

stimulates sperm; carbonic acid

stimulates sperm; lactic acid

inhibits pathogens; carbonic acid

inhibits pathogens; lactic acid

inhibits pathogens; yeast

inhibits pathogens; lactic acid

After climacteric, some females experience hot flashes, which are caused by

vasodilation of cutaneous arteries.

vasoconstriction of cutaneous arteries.

vasodilation of cranial arteries.

vasoconstriction of cranial arteries.

vasodilation of facial arteries.

vasodilation of cutaneous arteries

________ is the process of sloughing off the old functional layer of the endometrium.

menstruation

The organ that transports the ovum to the uterus is the

uterosacral ligament.

vagina.

uterine tube.

infundibulum.

myometrium.

uterine tube

Just before it is withdrawn by a nursing infant, milk enters a dilated sac behind the nipple called

the lactiferous duct

the lactiferous sinus

the lactiferous bulb

areola

the lacteal

the lactiferous sinus

The portion of the uterus that projects into the vagina is called the ________.

cervix

In a ________, each ductus deferens is cut and either a segment removed and the ends tied (or cauterized) or silicone plugs are inserted.

vasectomy

The constricted part of the uterus that protrudes into the vagina is called the ___.

cervix

An egg, or ovum, is defined as

any stage from the oogonia to the fertilized egg.

either the secondary oocyte or the first polar body.

the primary oocyte that travels in the uterine tube.

a follicle that has developed an atrum.

any stage from the primary oocyte to the fertilized egg.

Fertilization occurs in the _____, and implantation occurs in the _____.

uterine tube; cervix

uterine tube; body of uterus

body of uterus; cervix

cervix; body of uterus

cervix; fundus of uterus

uterine tube; body of uterus

When the follicle expels the secondary oocyte, it becomes the ____ and secretes ____.

corpus albicans; FSH and LH

corpus albicans; estrogen and progesterone

corpus luteum; FSH and LH

corpus albicans; progesterone

corpus luteum; estrogen and progesterone

Eventually, the placenta secretes the major hormones that regulate pregnancy. Until then, the main source of hormones is

the umbilical cord.

the endometrium.

the corpus luteum.

the pituitary.

the amnion.

the corpus luteum