Personality Chapter 9&10

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How does skinner define personality

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How does skinner define personality

consistent behavior patterns that have been strengthened through operant conditioning

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leads to a conditioned response

conditioned stimulus

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this results in an unconditioned response

unconditioned stimulus

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after learning. Result after a conditioned stimulus is used

conditioned response

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(Before learning) Results from unconditioned stimulus

unconditioned response

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learning the behavior–response relations

Acquisition

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way to create new behavior.

Shaping

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behavior weakens when reinforcement is removed

Extinction

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burst of activity following a delay after extinction

Will extinguish faster if no reinforcement

Spontaneous recovery

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10

signals which situation is present

Discriminate Stimulus

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food, water, oxygen, elimination, sleep, sex

Primary reinforce

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biologically neutral at first

•Become associated with primary reinforcers

•Most human behavior controlled by secondary reinforcers

•Kind words, glances, money, medals, awards, recognition, gifts, attention

•Generalize reinforce – linked to several primary reinforcers (money)

Secondary reinforce

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link together many secondary reinforcers which lead to a primary reinforcer

•Primary reinforcer holds the chain together

•Explains most complex behavior

Chaining

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First response after a time interval

Fixed interval

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make a set number of responses to be reinforced

fixed ratio

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varies time interval for reinforcement

variable interval

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varies number of responses between reinforcement

variable ratio

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Hw does skinner explain superstitious behavior

Believe a behavior was responsible for producing the reinforcer, when if fact it does not

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19

increase rate of response when presented. Related to survival (food, water, etc)

Primary Positive reinforcement

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behavior increases to remove something it does not want. potentially harmful (shock, noise, bright light)

Primary negative reinforcement

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behavior increases to remove something it does not want. Learn relationship to primary (warning lights)

secondary negative reinforcement

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increase rate of response when presented. Learn relationship to primary (money)

secondary positive reinforcement

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engage in behavior to keep aversive events from occurring. •Open an umbrella, etc

Avoidance

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remove a positive reinforcer or present a negative reinforcer

•Not as effective as positive reinforcement in controlling behavior

•Punished behaviors often reappear after a while

Punishment

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According to skinner what is our biggest problem?

Behavior more easily influenced by small, immediate, and definite reinforcers than by large, distant, and uncertain reinforcers. This makes it hard to change behavior

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make the future more immediate

•Encourage desirable behavior, discourage undesirable behavior

At end of contract behavior will be changed

contingency contradicting

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Changing reinforcement contingencies that currently reinforce undesired behavior

behavioral therapy

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Get tokens when act appropriately, can be exchanged for another item

•Token is a secondary reinforcer

•Common in institutions (money is national token system)

•Treats symptoms, does not treat underlying causes

token economy

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29

What was skinner’s book “Walden two” about

Utopian culture designed in accordance with principles of operant conditioning

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Why do some people find the ideas in the book Walden two frightening

The characters speak of a rejection of free will

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What was his book “Beyond Freedom and Dignity” about

Developing technology for behavior and solving world behavior problems

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Do you think the premise of the book “Beyond Freedom and Dignity is reasonable”

I think it is a little unreasonable since it wants to radically change human behavior. Throughout history we see how radical change never works in society.

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strong stimulus that makes us act, its elimination or reduction is reinforcing

•Internal – thirst, hunger

•External – noise, extreme temperature

•Primary – related to survival

•Thirst, hunger, pain, sex, elimination

•Secondary – related to culture

•Fear, success, attractiveness

Motivational part of personality

drive

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stimulus that indicates the appropriate direction of activity.

•Where, when and which response

cue

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behaviors to reduce/eliminate drives

•Overt – directly reduce drive

•Internal – thinking, planning, reasoning that will eventually work

•Learning – rearranging response probabilities as conditions change

response

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association between a stimulus (S) and response (R)

habit

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What is a habit family hierarchy?

every cue elicits several responses at one that vary in terms of probability

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response that is most successful at reducing the drive

dominate response

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required for learning to occur

•Dominant response does not work

•Must use trial and error or another method to solve the problem

learning dilemma

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newborns based on genetics

•Hungry – restless, cry, kick, scream

With experience they can change positions

initial hierarchy of reponses

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revised arrangement after learning

resultant hierarchy of response

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•2 positive goals that are equally attractive

•Usually attain both, one after the other

approach-approach

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•Attracted and repelled by the same goal

•Gradient of Approach – drives you toward goal

•Gradient of Avoidance – drives you away from goal

•Vacillate where two gradients cross

approach-avoidance

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•Must choose between two negative goals

•Vacillation and indecision

Escape (physically or psychological)

avoidance-avoidance

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•2 goals, each with plusses and minuses

•Is the most common type people experience

double approach-avoidance

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46

What is the basic idea of the frustration-aggression hypothesis

Aggression always a consequence of frustration

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What are the three things the determine the amount of aggression that occurs after frustration

Drive level, completeness of frustration, Culmination effect of minor frustration

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48

Dollard and Miller thought there were four critical training situations during childhood. For reach stage listed below indicate the critical event that occurs during that stage

Feeding Situation

Cleanliness Training

Early Sex Training

Anger-Anxiety Conflicts

shapes adult personality, toilet training, learn to fear sex, how do children deal with frustration

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