Elizabethans - ALL CHAPTERS!

How many courtiers lived with Elizabeth and worked for her?

About 500

Where were Elizabeth's most trusted courtiers invited into?

Privy Chamber

Who were Elizabeth's most important ministers?

William Cecil and Sir Francis Walsingham

Give one reason that the 1590s was a particularly challenging decade for Elizabeth.

Her closest advisors died. Bad harvests. Expensive war with Spain dragged on. She had no heir.

What is the name of the royal orders that had the force of law, with which Elizabeth mainly ruled the country?

Royal proclamation.

How many months out of Elizabeth's 45-year reign did Parliament sit?

35

What is one of the reasons why Elizabeth called PArliament more frequently from 1580-1603?

She needed laws and financial support to deal with religious threats and war with Spain.

What is a monopoly?

The exclusive right to make or sell a product.

Name the two most important roles that local officials held, who Elizabeth used to help her control her subjects.

Lord Lieutenant, Justice of the Peace

Name the eight 'P's of propaganda, that Elizabeth used to keep her subjects loyal.

Progresses. Plays. Pageants. Publications. Portraits. Pennies. Prayers. Preaching.

Elizabeth was able to see plans for plays in advance, and cut anything from them that she didn't approve of. What is this process (of cutting and removing unwanted items for mass publication) called?

Censorship

A new template of Elizabeth was produced in 1596 for other artists to copy. It disguised certain aspects of the Queen. Name one of them.

Her age. Her decayed teeth. Her wig.

What were the two laws that Elizabeth passed in May 1559, that helped establish her Church?

Act of Supremacy. Act of Uniformity.

Name one of the significant details of the Act of Uniformity.

Clergy could marry. Attendance at Anglican servbes was made compulsory; you could be fined for not attending. Bible and services should be in English. Altars replaced with communion tables. Catholic practices were banned.

The several thousand wealthy Catholics who refused to attend Protestant church and paid the fines, could be classified as what?

Recusants.

Elizabeth was excommunicated (expelled from the Catholic Church) by the Pope. He labelled her a 'heretic', or 'unbeliever'. In which year did this happen?

1570

Which religious group was specially trained to win people back to Catholicism?

The Jesuits

Which religious group 's main role was to encourage faithful Catholics by saying Mass and hearing confession and were told NOT to try to convert anyone?

The seminary priests.

What was the 'bloody question'?

A question put to priests on trial. In essence, they were asked who they would support in the event of an invasion of England.

After 1588, the Catholic threat against Elizabeth faded. Name one of the reasons for this.

Wrong place. (They concentrated on the south east, but recusancy was strongest in the north and west.) Wrong people (they concentrated on the gentry, but the majority of people in England were from lower order). Too few (Walsingham's spy network was more extensive than the Catholic network). Too divided (Seminary and Jesuit priests argued over tactics.

When did the Throckmorton plot take place?

1583

One Catholic plot ultimately led to Mary's sentencing and execution. What was it called and when did it take place?

The Babington Plot, 1586

The Spanish Armada failed, due to three factors. What were they?

Bad planning. Bad luck (weather). Clever English tactics (Fireships).

In which year did the pope begin sending specially trained Catholic priests to England to gain converts?

1580

What name is given to the wealthiest section of Elizabethan society?

Gentry

How much of the population did the labouring poor make up?

50%

Name two dates when the harvest was particularly bad, leading to an increase in poverty?

1594, 1595, 1596

Name two of the new home comforts enjoyed by the middling sort?

Chimneys, glass windows, ceilings.

When did young people typically get married in Elizabethan times?

When they could afford it. When she got pregnant.

What were the roles husband and wife?

Wives expected to obey. Husbands to respect. Woman's property belonged to husband.

What fraction of all children died before the age of ten?

A quarter

What was the most common way for marriages to end?

Death of one partner

Name two of the long term problems that led to poverty in Elizabethan England.

Rising pop. Rising prices. Low wages.

Name two of the short term problems that led to poverty in Elizabethan England.

Harvest failure. Downturn in cloth demand. PLague

When was the poor Law introduced and what did it do? (Name two things).

1601. JPs overseers of the poor, collected poor rate. Begging forbidden. Vagrants whipped and sent back to birth parish. Impotent poor looked after in alm houses.n Work provided for able-bodied poor.

Why was the Poor Law so significant?

For the first time, looking after the poor became the responsibility of the State.

Why was theatre considered to be 'popular culture'?

Because it was affordable for all, and enjoyed by all sections of society.

Whereabouts in London were the first theatres built?

Bankside.

Name two reasons why the London authorities opposed the theatres.

Feared that theatres attracted criminals. Disorder in Bankside might spread to the city. Servants and apprentices being enticed away from work. Wrote to the Privy Council many times, but weren't successful.

Name two reasons why the Puritan preachers opposed the theatres.

Puritanism was strong in London. Theatre was seen as pagan. Theatres reminded Puritans of miracle plays. Though that plays encouraged sinful behaviour, particularly sex outside of marriage.

What were the four types of Elizabethan merrymaking?

Parish feasts. Alehouse. Sports. Calendar customs.

Why did merrymaking at the end of Elizabeth's reign decline?

Becuase of the Puritan influence. Eg. in towns where Puritans were in charge of local gov.

Name two reasons why the puritans curbed popular pastimes.

They wanted to protect the Sabbath. They wanted to stop Catholic practises. They wanted to prevent unwanted pregancies. They wanted to keep control. They wanted to stop pagan practises.

What is the popular interpretation of why the Puritans curbed merrymaking, and what is a more charitable interpretation?

Pop --> They were killjoys. More charitable --> They wanted people to live godly lives for their own good.

In which period of the Elizabethan period did prosecutions for witchcraft rise? Early or late?

Late

What are the three different explanations that historians have given for the increase in witchcraft accusations?

Social (poverty --> tension). Gender (misogyny). Religious (Rise of puritanism).

What was the name given to small animals that witches supposedly used to commit evil acts?

Familiars

In which year was a law passed in Elizabethan England that made witchcraft a criminal offence?

1563

Who became a national hero by sailing around the world?

Francis Drake

Why did the Queen encourage overseas exploration?

She wanted an empire to rival Spain.

Who had the original vision of the 'British Empire'?

Dr John Dee

What were the dates of Drake's successful round the world trip?

1577-1580

Were the English colonies established in America during Elizabeth's reign successful?

No. But their mistakes did pave the way for later, more successful, attempts.

Where did Walter Raleigh want to establish a colony?

Roanoke

The early colonists tried to establish a colony in Roanoke in 1585 but were unsuccessful. Name two reasons they failed.

Wingina, the chief, became wary of the colonists. The Algonquian people became hostile. The colonists lost much of their supplies in a storm. They needed to rely on the Algonquian people/

After how long did the colonists have to leave and return to England?

One year.

The Elizabethan explorers laid the foundation for the British Empire when they set up which trading company?

The East India Company

What were the luxury goods that wealthy Elizabethans wanted from India and China?

Silk. Cotton. Jewels. Perfumes. Spices for preserving and flavouring food.

Who established England's first direct link with the Mughal Empire?

Ralph Fitch

When was the East India Company established?

1600