Fiveable Notes_ Unit 2 Cognition (2)

Memory

A complex cognitive process involving different types and systems used for storing and retrieving information.

Explicit Memory

A type of memory that is easily described or explained, such as episodic and semantic memories.

Implicit Memory

A type of memory that is difficult to describe or explain, which includes procedural memory.

Long-term Potentiation

A biological process that strengthens synaptic connections between neurons through frequent activation, facilitating information retrieval.

Working Memory Model

A framework that examines the interaction of memory system components in processing information into long-term memory.

Multi-store Model

A proposed model detailing three interacting memory systems that information passes through to be remembered.

Levels of Processing Model

Suggests that memory is encoded on three levels: structural, phonemic, and semantic, with deeper levels leading to stronger memories.

Primacy Effect

The tendency for items presented at the beginning of a list to be more memorable due to increased rehearsal and processing.

Recency Effect

The tendency for items presented at the end of a list to be easily recalled as they remain active in working memory.

Divergent Thinking

A component of creativity that involves exploring multiple possible solutions rather than converging on a single correct answer.

Functional Fixedness

A cognitive barrier to creativity that prevents individuals from seeing alternative uses for an object.

Mnemonic Devices

Techniques that aid in encoding information through associations to improve recall, such as acronyms and acrostics.

Chunking

The process of breaking down complex information into smaller, manageable units to improve memory retention.

Spacing Effect

The phenomenon where distributed learning over time leads to better long-term retention compared to massed practice.

Elaborative Rehearsal

A memory technique that involves connecting new information to existing knowledge to facilitate deeper processing.

Sensory Memory

The initial stage of memory that briefly holds raw sensory input for processing.

Episodic Memory

A type of explicit memory that involves specific events and experiences.

Semantic Memory

A type of explicit memory that includes general knowledge and facts.

Procedural Memory

A type of implicit memory related to skills and tasks that are performed automatically, such as riding a bike.

Prospective Memory

The ability to remember to carry out planned future actions.

Echoic Memory

A brief sensory stage for auditory information, allowing us to recall sounds we have just heard.

Iconic Memory

A brief sensory stage for visual information, allowing us to recall visual images.

Automatic Processing

Memory encoding that occurs without conscious effort, often for routine or familiar stimuli.

Effortful Processing

Memory encoding that requires conscious attention and cognitive resources, such as studying for an exam.