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plasma
water
proteins
salts
organic molecules
gases
cellular elements
red blood cells - erythrocytes
platelets - split off from megakaryocytes
white blood cells
leukocytes
lymphocytes
immunoctyes
monocytes
develop into macrophages; phagocytesn
neutrophils
known as phagocytes and granulocytes
eosinophils
granulocytes
basophils
granulocytes; tissue basophils are called mast cells
albumins (multiple)
liver
major contributions to colloid osmotic pressure of plasma
carriers for various substances
globlins
liver and lymphoid tissue
clotting factors, enyzmes, antibodies, carrier for various substances
fibrinogen
liver
forms fibrin threads essential to blood clotting
transferrin
liver and other tissues
iron transport
Complete Blood Count
CBC
hematocrit
hemoglobin
red cell count
total white count
differential white cell count
platelets
mean corpuscular volume
MCV
average volume of one red blood cell cor
corpuscle
small unattched cell
Mean corpuscular hemoglobin
MCH
amount of hemoglobin per RBC
mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration
MCVC
amount of hemoglobin per volume of one red blood cell
hematopoiesis
blood cells produced in the bone marrow
leukopoiesis
production of white blood cells
erythropoiesis
production of red blood cells
hematocrit
ratio of red blood cells to plasma (%)
red blood cells - adults
formed in bone marrow of the vertebrae
ribs
sternum
clavicle
pelvic crest (iliac)
proximal epiphyses of long bones
red blood cells - children
most bone marrow space
bone marrow
produces blood cells in different stages of development
provide structure support through stroma
stroma
fibroblast reticular cells like collagen fibers and extracellular matrix
stem cells
give rise to blood cells
What happens to a reticulocyte during red blood cell maturation?
expels its nucleus before becoming a mature red blood cell.
What are megakaryocytes, and what do they produce?
large bone marrow cells that break apart to form platelets, which are essential for blood clotting.
What is the role of neutrophils in the bone marrow?
Neutrophils mature in the bone marrow and are released into circulation to help fight infections.
What is the function of macrophages in bone marrow?
Macrophages help remove debris, recycle old red blood cells, and play a role in immune defense.
What is the purpose of the venous sinus in the bone marrow?
The venous sinus allows mature blood cells to enter circulation by passing through its endothelium.
What is the role of reticular cells in bone marrow?
Reticular cells provide structural support and create the framework for developing blood cells.
lymphocytes
Lymphocytes are a type of white blood cell involved in immune responses, produced in the bone marrow before maturing in lymphoid tissues.
mature red blood cells
lacks a nucleus
MCV - size of red blood cells
crenatus
a notch
Erythrocytes placed in a hypertonic medium
shrink, but the rigid cytoskeleton remains
intact, creating a spiky surface
erythrocytes
in a hypotonic medium they swell → lose the bioconcave disk shape
red blood cells
live about 120 days
Abnormal hemoglobin in sickle cell can cause a shape change
iron
absorbed in small intestine
transferrin in blood → red bone marrow
hemoglobin recycled
Excess iron turns to ferritin in the liver
hemoglobin molecule
composed of 4 protein globin chains, each around a heme group
in adults - 2 alpha chains and 2 beta chains
heme group
each consists of a porphyrin ring with an iron atom in the center
hemoglobin and iron
iron ingested from diet
iron absorbed by active transport
transfer protein transports Fe in plasma
bone marrow uses Fe to make hemoglobin (Hb) as part of RBC synthesis
RBC live 120 days in blood
spleen destroys old RBCs and converts Hb to bilirubin
bilirubin anad metabolites are excreted in urine anad feces
liver metabolizes bilirubin and excretes it in bile
liver stores excess Fe as ferritin
bilirubin
remnants of heme groups, excreted as bile
Bilirubin metabolites are excreted in urine
anemia
low red blood cell count
jaundicen
results from elevated levels of bilurubin
bilirubin in infants
photo-oxidation of bilirubin isomers within the capillaries allow it to be excreted through the liver without further processing
causes of anemia
accelerated red blood cell loss
decreased red blood cell production
accelerated red blood cell loss
blood loss
hemolytic anemias
anemia due to blood loss
cells are normal in size and hemoglobin content but low in number
hemolytic anemias
conditions when red blood cells rupture at an abnormally high rate
hereditary causes of hemolytic anemia
parasitic infections
drugs
autoimmune disease
causes of decreased red blood cell production
defective red blood cell or hemoglobin synthesis in bone marrow
inadequate production of erythropoietin
aplastic anemia
a condition caused by defective red blood cell synthesis in bone marrow
due to certain drugs or radiation
nutritional deficiencies
lead to decreased red blood cell production
iron deficiency- needed for heme production
folic acid deficiency- needed for DNA synthesis
Vitamin B12 deficiency- needed for DNA synthesis
erythropoiten
a hormone that stimulates red blood cell production
inadequate production can result in anemia
homeostasis
keeps blood inside damaged blood vessel
vasoconstriction
the narrowing (constriction) of blood vessels by small muscles in their walls
platelet plug
a temporary, primary hemostatic mechanism where platelets adhere, activate, and aggregate at the site of a blood vessel injury to form a plug and stop minor bleeding, followed by the coagulation cascade for a more permanent clot
coagulation cascade
Platelets stick to collagen in damaged vessels
Release of platelet-activating factor (PAF) → thromboxane A2
contact activation
intrinsic pathway
injury pathway
extrinsic pathway
common pathway
thrombin converts fibrinogen into insoluble fibrin polymers
fibrin fibers become part of the clot
Anticoagulants
medications that prevent blood clots from forming or growing
thrombus
a blood clot that adheres to an undamaged blood vessel wall
mechanisms to limit clotting
inhibition of platelet adhesion
inhibition of the coagulation cascade and fibrin production
hemophilia
several diseases in which one of the factors in the coagulation cascade is defective or lacking
fibrinolysis
a process that prevents blood clots from growing and becoming problematic
blood vessels
Arteries have thicker walls than veins, which have thicker walls than capillaries
arterioles
smaller arteries
have more smooth muscle per volume than larger arteries
therefore are able to regulate blood pressure more efficiently than large arteries
as blood vessel length decreases
resistance increases and flow decreases.
albumin
carrier protein
globulin
defense protein
transferrin
iron transport
fibrinogen
blood clotting protein
A patient has a yellow color to their skin and the whites of their eyes. Which of the following are possible clinical explanations?
accelerated break-down of erythrocytes
obstruction in the bile duct
liver disease or injury
blood proteins
plasmin
plasminogen
fibrin
NOT prostacyclin
how many O2 molecules per hemoglobin molecule?
4
red blood cells
carry O2 from lungs to body’s cells
red blood cells
carry O2 from lungs to body’s cells
Note 
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