Chapter 16 - Blood

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78 Terms

1

plasma

water

proteins

salts

organic molecules

gases

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2

cellular elements

red blood cells - erythrocytes

platelets - split off from megakaryocytes

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3

white blood cells

leukocytes

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4

lymphocytes

immunoctyes

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monocytes

develop into macrophages; phagocytesn

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neutrophils

known as phagocytes and granulocytes

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7

eosinophils

granulocytes

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8

basophils

granulocytes; tissue basophils are called mast cells

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9

albumins (multiple)

liver

major contributions to colloid osmotic pressure of plasma

carriers for various substances

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10

globlins

liver and lymphoid tissue

clotting factors, enyzmes, antibodies, carrier for various substances

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11

fibrinogen

liver

forms fibrin threads essential to blood clotting

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12

transferrin

liver and other tissues

iron transport

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13

Complete Blood Count

CBC

hematocrit

hemoglobin

red cell count

total white count

differential white cell count

platelets

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14

mean corpuscular volume

MCV

average volume of one red blood cell cor

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15

corpuscle

small unattched cell

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16

Mean corpuscular hemoglobin

MCH

amount of hemoglobin per RBC

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17

mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration

MCVC

amount of hemoglobin per volume of one red blood cell

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18

hematopoiesis

blood cells produced in the bone marrow

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19

leukopoiesis

production of white blood cells

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20

erythropoiesis

production of red blood cells

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21

hematocrit

ratio of red blood cells to plasma (%)

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22

red blood cells - adults

formed in bone marrow of the vertebrae

ribs

sternum

clavicle

pelvic crest (iliac)

proximal epiphyses of long bones

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23

red blood cells - children

most bone marrow space

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24

bone marrow

produces blood cells in different stages of development

provide structure support through stroma

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25

stroma

fibroblast reticular cells like collagen fibers and extracellular matrix

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26

stem cells

give rise to blood cells

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27

What happens to a reticulocyte during red blood cell maturation?

expels its nucleus before becoming a mature red blood cell.

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28

What are megakaryocytes, and what do they produce?

large bone marrow cells that break apart to form platelets, which are essential for blood clotting.

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29

What is the role of neutrophils in the bone marrow?

Neutrophils mature in the bone marrow and are released into circulation to help fight infections.

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30

What is the function of macrophages in bone marrow?

Macrophages help remove debris, recycle old red blood cells, and play a role in immune defense.

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31

What is the purpose of the venous sinus in the bone marrow?

The venous sinus allows mature blood cells to enter circulation by passing through its endothelium.

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32

What is the role of reticular cells in bone marrow?

Reticular cells provide structural support and create the framework for developing blood cells.

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33

lymphocytes

Lymphocytes are a type of white blood cell involved in immune responses, produced in the bone marrow before maturing in lymphoid tissues.

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34

mature red blood cells

lacks a nucleus

MCV - size of red blood cells

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35

crenatus

a notch

Erythrocytes placed in a hypertonic medium

shrink, but the rigid cytoskeleton remains

intact, creating a spiky surface

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36

erythrocytes

in a hypotonic medium they swell → lose the bioconcave disk shape

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37

red blood cells

live about 120 days

Abnormal hemoglobin in sickle cell can cause a shape change

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38

iron

absorbed in small intestine

transferrin in blood → red bone marrow

hemoglobin recycled

Excess iron turns to ferritin in the liver

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39

hemoglobin molecule

composed of 4 protein globin chains, each around a heme group

in adults - 2 alpha chains and 2 beta chains

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40

heme group

each consists of a porphyrin ring with an iron atom in the center

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41

hemoglobin and iron

  1. iron ingested from diet

  2. iron absorbed by active transport

  3. transfer protein transports Fe in plasma

  4. bone marrow uses Fe to make hemoglobin (Hb) as part of RBC synthesis

  5. RBC live 120 days in blood

  6. spleen destroys old RBCs and converts Hb to bilirubin

  7. bilirubin anad metabolites are excreted in urine anad feces

  8. liver metabolizes bilirubin and excretes it in bile

  9. liver stores excess Fe as ferritin

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42

bilirubin

remnants of heme groups, excreted as bile

Bilirubin metabolites are excreted in urine

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43

anemia

low red blood cell count

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44

jaundicen

results from elevated levels of bilurubin

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45

bilirubin in infants

photo-oxidation of bilirubin isomers within the capillaries allow it to be excreted through the liver without further processing

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causes of anemia

accelerated red blood cell loss

decreased red blood cell production

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accelerated red blood cell loss

blood loss

hemolytic anemias

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anemia due to blood loss

cells are normal in size and hemoglobin content but low in number

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hemolytic anemias

conditions when red blood cells rupture at an abnormally high rate

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hereditary causes of hemolytic anemia

parasitic infections

drugs

autoimmune disease

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causes of decreased red blood cell production

  1. defective red blood cell or hemoglobin synthesis in bone marrow

  2. inadequate production of erythropoietin

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aplastic anemia

a condition caused by defective red blood cell synthesis in bone marrow

due to certain drugs or radiation

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53

nutritional deficiencies

lead to decreased red blood cell production

iron deficiency- needed for heme production

folic acid deficiency- needed for DNA synthesis

Vitamin B12 deficiency- needed for DNA synthesis

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54

erythropoiten

a hormone that stimulates red blood cell production

inadequate production can result in anemia

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55

homeostasis

keeps blood inside damaged blood vessel

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vasoconstriction

the narrowing (constriction) of blood vessels by small muscles in their walls

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platelet plug

a temporary, primary hemostatic mechanism where platelets adhere, activate, and aggregate at the site of a blood vessel injury to form a plug and stop minor bleeding, followed by the coagulation cascade for a more permanent clot

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coagulation cascade

Platelets stick to collagen in damaged vessels
Release of platelet-activating factor (PAF) → thromboxane A2

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contact activation

intrinsic pathway

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injury pathway

extrinsic pathway

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common pathway

thrombin converts fibrinogen into insoluble fibrin polymers

fibrin fibers become part of the clot

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Anticoagulants

medications that prevent blood clots from forming or growing

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thrombus

a blood clot that adheres to an undamaged blood vessel wall

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mechanisms to limit clotting

inhibition of platelet adhesion

inhibition of the coagulation cascade and fibrin production

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hemophilia

several diseases in which one of the factors in the coagulation cascade is defective or lacking

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fibrinolysis

a process that prevents blood clots from growing and becoming problematic

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67

blood vessels

Arteries have thicker walls than veins, which have thicker walls than capillaries

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arterioles

smaller arteries

have more smooth muscle per volume than larger arteries

therefore are able to regulate blood pressure more efficiently than large arteries

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as blood vessel length decreases

resistance increases and flow decreases.

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albumin

carrier protein

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71

globulin

defense protein

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transferrin

iron transport

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fibrinogen

blood clotting protein

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74

A patient has a yellow color to their skin and the whites of their eyes. Which of the following are possible clinical explanations?

accelerated break-down of erythrocytes

obstruction in the bile duct

liver disease or injury

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75

blood proteins

plasmin

plasminogen

fibrin

NOT prostacyclin

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76

how many O2 molecules per hemoglobin molecule?

4

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red blood cells

carry O2 from lungs to body’s cells

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78

red blood cells

carry O2 from lungs to body’s cells

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