Ap world cap 13

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76 Terms

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Empire building

  • largely discredited today

  • Imperialist has become a negative term

  • Europe moved to America

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European empires distinctive

  • conquered areas were an ocean away from country —> not all European countries

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Advantages: geography

  • countries in Europe were closer on the Atlantic Ocean compared to Asian countries

  • Winds

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Innovations

  • mapmaking

  • Navigation

  • Sailing techniques

  • Ship design

Allowed for sea travel

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Motivations: market attraction

  • new area had lots of new and rich natural resources

  • Underpinned Europe economy for long time

  • 3 G’s: Gold, Glory, God

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conversions

  • enlarged range of Christendom by missionaries

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Freedom

  • persecuted people were free in new land

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Wealth

  • Rich and poor had ways of making money

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Conquests of Aztec/ Cortes

  • led assault on conquest of these people

  • Final battle was @ Tenochtitlán

  • Carved out huge mesoamerican country from this

  • This tribe was a dominant tribe

  • He rallied tribes at key city

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Portuguese during Cortes

  • went to Africa before Spanish America in search of Asian goods

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Conquests of inca/ pissaro

  • This tribe’s elite welcomed Spanish

  • He led the Spanish conquest of Incan empire

  • Caused civil war in capital city

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Spanish / native alliances

  • They worked together

  • Key to success of Spanish conquest

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The Great Dyig

  • Due to unfamiliarity of European disease such as smallpox and malaria —> mass amounts of native people died

  • Estimated around a million

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Little Ice Age

  • Period of unusually cool temps that spanned much of early modern times in Northern Hemisphere

  • Interacted with Great Dying

  • Caused famine

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Causes of LIA

Debated

  1. Low sunspot activity

  2. Volcanic eruptions

  3. Demographic collapse

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“General Crisis”

  • Widespread global crisis in early 17th c.

  • Lots of droughts and fighting

  • much of china, Europe, and North America had problems

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Environment/ human action

Human action destroyed it

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New societies

  • Various combinations of indigenous, European, and African people

  • Replaced previous and varied cultures

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Colombian exchange

  • New plants —> wheat, rice, grapes, sugar cane, and other fruits and veggies

  • Transformed European life

  • Things moved back and forth

  • Corn and potatoes popular in east

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Animals

  • Horses from old world to new world

  • Pigs, goats, cattle

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Tariff

Tax on import goods

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Effects:population

  • These crops caused major booms for different countries in this field

  • Provided nutritional foundation

  • Corn and potatoes lead it

  • Cheap and nutritious foods —> immense growth

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American silver mines/effects

  • Fueled transplanting and transpacific commerce

  • Encouraged Spain to attempt to dominated Europe

  • Europe was able to buy Chinese goods

  • China drew this product in

  • These were in Mexico and Peru

  • Allowed for trade and inflation

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Industrialization

  • The wealth from metals, natural resources, new crops, slaves, and financial activities caused this

  • new tools and machines built

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Mercantilism

  • The belief in the benefits of profitable trading/commercialism

  • Popular during this time but NOT in Spanish America

  • Closed markets in AmericaS

  • export goods —> accumulate bullion

  • Certain countries would only trade for hard currencies

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Spain v England

  • S was catholic and feudal; more urban area brought politics and Econ with them

  • E was Protestant and changing

Very different cultures in this new area

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Spanish America: development

  • The settler dominated farming and mining and slave trade influenced the development of the area

  • Native American culture affected it as well trough its cultures and urban-natures

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Encomienda

  • Rewarded conquerers with goods and labors of local people

  • Encouraged conquests and colonization

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Repartimiento/ hacienda

  • R allowed (From the royals) colonists to recruit indigenous people for labor

  • Similar to slavery

  • H was large estate owners directly employed native workers

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Social order: Spaniards

Top was male Spanish settlers who were dominant in many fields

Accommodated different races (by oppressing them)

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Mestizo

A man of mixed Spanish and indigenous race

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Indigenous/ indians

  • Bottom of social hierarchy

  • Exploited and abused

  • Had to pay tribute

  • Not many left after Spanish conquests

  • Asimlmilimated into Spanish and Catholicism

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Sugar colones: Brazil and Caribbean

  • Spanish, British, French, Dutch, all ruled in C and Portugal ruled B

  • High demand for sugar in Europe b/c it had many uses

  • Not very large/wealthy

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Portugal/British/French/Dutch

  • P ruled Brazil

  • The others ruled Caribbean

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Export

  • Thee places ONLY existed to export

  • Imported food and other stuff

  • EXPORT VERY PROFITABLE

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Sugar production-

  • large scale was first started by the Arabs

  • Europe learned technique and then used it in the Americas

  • Brazil had monopoly until caribeña

  • Very laborious

  • First modern industry for international and mass market

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Slaves/ slave trade

  • B/c indigenous people fled inwards or died slaves were got from African slave trade

  • Vast majority came from the atl. Ocean

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Conditions

  • Very bad

  • Lead to high death rates per year (5-10%)

  • New slaves bought each year

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Female slaves

  • Mostly did domestic work

  • Less compared to male slaves

  • Same punishments and rations

  • Separated from family

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Racial mix/ mulattoes

  • Non-African background made you not African

  • Racial predjuice favored whit features

  • Skin color in Brazil determined class status

These people where people of mixed white and black race

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Slavery:British S.N. America

Different here

  • Less slaves freed

  • Less job opportunities for the freed

  • Less importation —> only in South North America

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Northern british settler colonies

  • Less prominent

  • Literate men by 1170s

  • Local self-government

  • Protestant

  • Land left was not very good

  • Independent family farmers

  • Run by people who were used to having power

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Women

  • Role emphasized by puritan values

  • More likely to be persecuted for “fornication”

  • Less inheritance Value

  • Little schooling

  • No minister position

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Slaves/race

  • Slaves not needed in small-scale dominated farming areas

  • 90% of pop was euro

  • Little racial mixing

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Independent farmers/ religion

  • Protestant

  • Less interested in evangelizing to natives

  • Emphasized mass literacy —> independent farmers had own land

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Russian empire: geography

  • Had a tsar

  • Moscow became the center of a vast Russian Empire urging the early modern era

  • Became world’s largest state

  • Expanded after fall of mongol empire

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Eurasian steppe

  • Vast grassland from Eastern Europe to mongol china

  • Former home to many pastoralist societies; fought often with settled agricultural cultures of Russia, Persia, China

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Siberia

  • Drew Russians across with animal furs

  • Under Russian control

  • These people posed no threat to Russians

  • Lots of fur paid as tribute

  • Eastern people drawn in who hunt

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Tribute/region

  • Russians demanded “yasak” (tribute) in cash or valuable goods

  • Lots of pressure to convert to Catholicism

  • Not so much single mindedness of Spanish

  • Tax breaks and other incentives for converts

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Russian immigration/ “Russification”

  • Lots of new settlers

  • 700,00 Russians in serbia by 1720

  • Reduced native population

  • Pressure to abandon nomadic ways of life

  • Rendered local people dependent on Russian goods

  • Adoption of Russian language and Catholicism

Commonalities = better country

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Multiethnic empire

  • Russia diminished as other groups’s population grew —> Russians still were politically dominant

  • Most prominent was Ukrainians and Belorussians

  • Serbia’s steppes held many different people

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Westward/southward expansion

18th century

  • Acquired lend in Baltic region, Poland, and Ukraine

  • Had military rivals near (ottomans, Poland, Lithuania, Prussia, Austria, Sweden)

  • Fostered an awareness in Russia’s backwardness

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Peter the Great

  • Modernized Russia

  • Transformed it into major power

  • Developed economy and trade, education, science, culture, and foreign policy

  • Took a trip to the west —> wanted to pick up western culture

  • Geography very important for expansion of the navy

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St. Petersburg/ window of the west

  • New capital of Russian empire

  • Solidified Peter’s legitimacy

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Catherine the Great

  • Russian empress

  • Ruled for 34 years

  • Also westernized Russia

  • Led full participation in the political and cultural life in Europeanizing Russia

  • Viewed herself as a part of the Enlightenment

  • Her ideas didn’t really go anywhere

  • Ideas opposed by Russian nobility

  • Expanded South into Black Sea region—> wanted to push Turks out

  • British did not like her expansion

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Contacts with other empires

  • Interacted with China, India, Persia, and Ottoman Empire —> became Asian Power

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Identity

  • The closeness of Russia to other nations to have an identity problem

  • Unanswered today

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China: Qing/Manchu Dynasty

  • Project of imperial expansion

  • Foreign and nomadic

  • Came from Manchuria (n of Great Wall)

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Borrowing/distinction

  • Rulers of this era wished to have own distinctiveness

  • No intermarrying of Manchu and Chinese

  • Rulers however were required to learn Chinese and use traditional Confucian ideas

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Qing Conquest (1680-1760)

  • 8o year military effort that brought Mongolia, Xinjiang, and Tibet under their rule

  • Motivated by security concerns

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Treaty of Nerchinsk (1689)

  • Marked boundary between Russia and China

  • stated by eastern expansion of Russia

  • Came to agreement —> first time in Qing Dynasty

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China: Central Asian Power

  • Qing conquests marked China as it is

  • Chinese people think of themselves as a unifier of Eurasia

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Court of Colonial Affairs/ local elites

  • New area governed by this

  • Used nobles to govern

  • Native officials were often abusive of power

  • Local elites excused from taxes

  • imitated Chinese by wearing peacock feathers

  • Special beaucracy to deal with nomadic people

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Transformed Central Asia

  • Expanded Chinese territory

  • Added minority of non-Chinese people

  • Contemporary borders are the same

  • Tibet and Xinjiang retained identity

  • Changed welcoming nature of commerce compared to oceanic

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Mughal empire

  • Rare form of unity in 1526-1707

  • Small states, principalities, tribes, castes, sects

  • Ethno-linguistic groups

  • Ruled by the Turks → Muslim group who took over Hindu india

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Emperor Akbar/ Religious

  • Deliberately restrained Islamic ulama and removed jizya (special tax on non-Muslims)

  • Stated a cult

  • Constructed House of Worsip

  • Got rid of the sati

  • Deliberately accommodated to Hindu population and women

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Emperor Aurangzeb (1658-1707)

  • Reversed policy of accommodation and sought to impose Islamic superiority

  • Forbade many things

  • Destroyed temples

  • Reinstated the jizya

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Reactions/ consequences

  • People very angry at antagonization of Hindu (opposition movements created that lead to downfall of empire)

  • People angry at Hindu people

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Ottoman empire

  • At its peak in mid 16th century it encompassed a vast diversity of peoples, straddled Europe, Africa, and Asia

Battled Austrian and Safavid empires

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Women/ changes

  • Changed from freedom of pastoralist women to now being under heavy restrictions

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War w/ Safavid (1534-1639)

  • Sumi islam versus Persian Safavid empire Shia

  • Expressed deep and enduring division within Islamic World

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Anatolia: Islamization

  • Started out Christian

  • Converted to islam as Byz. Empire weakened

  • 90% of inhabitants were Muslim and turkic speakers by 1500

  • Strengthened constaninople’s fall in 1453

  • Called Asia minor Greeks

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Balkans Christians

  • Under early 16th centur had 81% Christian and the rest Muslim

  • Had accommodations for church’s and scarcity of turkic setters

  • Welcome conquest because taxes were lighter than former rulers

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Devshrime

  • Ottoman ciphoned off young Christian boys to serve the state as military soldiers

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Threat to Christianity

  • Seizure of Constantinople, conquests of Balkan’s, ottoman naval power, siege of Vienna in 1529 and 1686 —> more Muslim takeover

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Cooperation/exchange

  • Portrayal of Islam world in Italian Renaissance

  • Philosophers praising toleration

  • French allied ottomans against Austria

Sometimes in fighting theres exchange