Ap world cap 13

Empire building

• largely discredited today

• Imperialist has become a negative term

• Europe moved to America

European empires distinctive

• conquered areas were an ocean away from country —> not all European countries

Advantages: geography

• countries in Europe were closer on the Atlantic Ocean compared to Asian countries

• Winds

Innovations

• mapmaking

• Navigation

• Sailing techniques

• Ship design

Allowed for sea travel

Motivations: market attraction

• new area had lots of new and rich natural resources

• Underpinned Europe economy for long time

• 3 G’s: Gold, Glory, God

conversions

• enlarged range of Christendom by missionaries

Freedom

• persecuted people were free in new land

Wealth

• Rich and poor had ways of making money

Conquests of Aztec/ Cortes

• led assault on conquest of these people

• Final battle was @ Tenochtitlán

• Carved out huge mesoamerican country from this

• This tribe was a dominant tribe

• He rallied tribes at key city

Portuguese during Cortes

• went to Africa before Spanish America in search of Asian goods

Conquests of inca/ pissaro

• This tribe’s elite welcomed Spanish

• He led the Spanish conquest of Incan empire

• Caused civil war in capital city

Spanish / native alliances

• They worked together

• Key to success of Spanish conquest

The Great Dyig

• Due to unfamiliarity of European disease such as smallpox and malaria —> mass amounts of native people died

• Estimated around a million

Little Ice Age

• Period of unusually cool temps that spanned much of early modern times in Northern Hemisphere

• Interacted with Great Dying

• Caused famine

Causes of LIA

Debated

1. Low sunspot activity

2. Volcanic eruptions

3. Demographic collapse

“General Crisis”

• Widespread global crisis in early 17th c.

• Lots of droughts and fighting

• much of china, Europe, and North America had problems

Environment/ human action

Human action destroyed it

New societies

• Various combinations of indigenous, European, and African people

• Replaced previous and varied cultures

Colombian exchange

• New plants —> wheat, rice, grapes, sugar cane, and other fruits and veggies

• Transformed European life

• Things moved back and forth

• Corn and potatoes popular in east

Animals

• Horses from old world to new world

• Pigs, goats, cattle

Tariff

Tax on import goods

Effects:population

• These crops caused major booms for different countries in this field

• Provided nutritional foundation

• Corn and potatoes lead it

• Cheap and nutritious foods —> immense growth

American silver mines/effects

• Fueled transplanting and transpacific commerce

• Encouraged Spain to attempt to dominated Europe

• Europe was able to buy Chinese goods

• China drew this product in

• These were in Mexico and Peru

• Allowed for trade and inflation

Industrialization

• The wealth from metals, natural resources, new crops, slaves, and financial activities caused this

• new tools and machines built

Mercantilism

• The belief in the benefits of profitable trading/commercialism

• Popular during this time but NOT in Spanish America

• Closed markets in AmericaS

• export goods —> accumulate bullion

• Certain countries would only trade for hard currencies

Spain v England

• S was catholic and feudal; more urban area brought politics and Econ with them

• E was Protestant and changing

Very different cultures in this new area

Spanish America: development

• The settler dominated farming and mining and slave trade influenced the development of the area

• Native American culture affected it as well trough its cultures and urban-natures

Encomienda

• Rewarded conquerers with goods and labors of local people

• Encouraged conquests and colonization

Repartimiento/ hacienda

• R allowed (From the royals) colonists to recruit indigenous people for labor

• Similar to slavery

• H was large estate owners directly employed native workers

Social order: Spaniards

Top was male Spanish settlers who were dominant in many fields

Accommodated different races (by oppressing them)

Mestizo

A man of mixed Spanish and indigenous race

Indigenous/ indians

• Bottom of social hierarchy

• Exploited and abused

• Had to pay tribute

• Not many left after Spanish conquests

• Asimlmilimated into Spanish and Catholicism

Sugar colones: Brazil and Caribbean

• Spanish, British, French, Dutch, all ruled in C and Portugal ruled B

• High demand for sugar in Europe b/c it had many uses

• Not very large/wealthy

Portugal/British/French/Dutch

• P ruled Brazil

• The others ruled Caribbean

Export

• Thee places ONLY existed to export

• Imported food and other stuff

• EXPORT VERY PROFITABLE

Sugar production-

• large scale was first started by the Arabs

• Europe learned technique and then used it in the Americas

• Brazil had monopoly until caribeña

• Very laborious

• First modern industry for international and mass market

Slaves/ slave trade

• B/c indigenous people fled inwards or died slaves were got from African slave trade

• Vast majority came from the atl. Ocean

Conditions

• Very bad

• Lead to high death rates per year (5-10%)

• New slaves bought each year

Female slaves

• Mostly did domestic work

• Less compared to male slaves

• Same punishments and rations

• Separated from family

Racial mix/ mulattoes

• Non-African background made you not African

• Racial predjuice favored whit features

• Skin color in Brazil determined class status

These people where people of mixed white and black race

Slavery:British S.N. America

Different here

• Less slaves freed

• Less job opportunities for the freed

• Less importation —> only in South North America

Northern british settler colonies

• Less prominent

• Literate men by 1170s

• Local self-government

• Protestant

• Land left was not very good

• Independent family farmers

• Run by people who were used to having power

Women

• Role emphasized by puritan values

• More likely to be persecuted for “fornication”

• Less inheritance Value

• Little schooling

• No minister position

Slaves/race

• Slaves not needed in small-scale dominated farming areas

• 90% of pop was euro

• Little racial mixing

Independent farmers/ religion

• Protestant

• Less interested in evangelizing to natives

• Emphasized mass literacy —> independent farmers had own land

Russian empire: geography

• Had a tsar

• Moscow became the center of a vast Russian Empire urging the early modern era

• Became world’s largest state

• Expanded after fall of mongol empire

Eurasian steppe

• Vast grassland from Eastern Europe to mongol china

• Former home to many pastoralist societies; fought often with settled agricultural cultures of Russia, Persia, China

Siberia

• Drew Russians across with animal furs

• Under Russian control

• These people posed no threat to Russians

• Lots of fur paid as tribute

• Eastern people drawn in who hunt

Tribute/region

• Russians demanded “yasak” (tribute) in cash or valuable goods

• Lots of pressure to convert to Catholicism

• Not so much single mindedness of Spanish

• Tax breaks and other incentives for converts

Russian immigration/ “Russification”

• Lots of new settlers

• 700,00 Russians in serbia by 1720

• Reduced native population

• Pressure to abandon nomadic ways of life

• Rendered local people dependent on Russian goods

• Adoption of Russian language and Catholicism

Commonalities = better country

Multiethnic empire

• Russia diminished as other groups’s population grew —> Russians still were politically dominant

• Most prominent was Ukrainians and Belorussians

• Serbia’s steppes held many different people

Westward/southward expansion

18th century

• Acquired lend in Baltic region, Poland, and Ukraine

• Had military rivals near (ottomans, Poland, Lithuania, Prussia, Austria, Sweden)

• Fostered an awareness in Russia’s backwardness

Peter the Great

• Modernized Russia

• Transformed it into major power

• Developed economy and trade, education, science, culture, and foreign policy

• Took a trip to the west —> wanted to pick up western culture

• Geography very important for expansion of the navy

St. Petersburg/ window of the west

• New capital of Russian empire

• Solidified Peter’s legitimacy

Catherine the Great

• Russian empress

• Ruled for 34 years

• Also westernized Russia

• Led full participation in the political and cultural life in Europeanizing Russia

• Viewed herself as a part of the Enlightenment

• Her ideas didn’t really go anywhere

• Ideas opposed by Russian nobility

• Expanded South into Black Sea region—> wanted to push Turks out

• British did not like her expansion

Contacts with other empires

• Interacted with China, India, Persia, and Ottoman Empire —> became Asian Power

Identity

• The closeness of Russia to other nations to have an identity problem

• Unanswered today

China: Qing/Manchu Dynasty

• Project of imperial expansion

• Foreign and nomadic

• Came from Manchuria (n of Great Wall)

Borrowing/distinction

• Rulers of this era wished to have own distinctiveness

• No intermarrying of Manchu and Chinese

• Rulers however were required to learn Chinese and use traditional Confucian ideas

Qing Conquest (1680-1760)

• 8o year military effort that brought Mongolia, Xinjiang, and Tibet under their rule

• Motivated by security concerns

Treaty of Nerchinsk (1689)

• Marked boundary between Russia and China

• stated by eastern expansion of Russia

• Came to agreement —> first time in Qing Dynasty

China: Central Asian Power

• Qing conquests marked China as it is

• Chinese people think of themselves as a unifier of Eurasia

Court of Colonial Affairs/ local elites

• New area governed by this

• Used nobles to govern

• Native officials were often abusive of power

• Local elites excused from taxes

• imitated Chinese by wearing peacock feathers

• Special beaucracy to deal with nomadic people

Transformed Central Asia

• Expanded Chinese territory

• Added minority of non-Chinese people

• Contemporary borders are the same

• Tibet and Xinjiang retained identity

• Changed welcoming nature of commerce compared to oceanic

Mughal empire

• Rare form of unity in 1526-1707

• Small states, principalities, tribes, castes, sects

• Ethno-linguistic groups

• Ruled by the Turks → Muslim group who took over Hindu india

Emperor Akbar/ Religious

• Deliberately restrained Islamic ulama and removed jizya (special tax on non-Muslims)

• Stated a cult

• Constructed House of Worsip

• Got rid of the sati

• Deliberately accommodated to Hindu population and women

Emperor Aurangzeb (1658-1707)

• Reversed policy of accommodation and sought to impose Islamic superiority

• Forbade many things

• Destroyed temples

• Reinstated the jizya

Reactions/ consequences

• People very angry at antagonization of Hindu (opposition movements created that lead to downfall of empire)

• People angry at Hindu people

Ottoman empire

• At its peak in mid 16th century it encompassed a vast diversity of peoples, straddled Europe, Africa, and Asia

Battled Austrian and Safavid empires

Women/ changes

• Changed from freedom of pastoralist women to now being under heavy restrictions

War w/ Safavid (1534-1639)

• Sumi islam versus Persian Safavid empire Shia

• Expressed deep and enduring division within Islamic World

Anatolia: Islamization

• Started out Christian

• Converted to islam as Byz. Empire weakened

• 90% of inhabitants were Muslim and turkic speakers by 1500

• Strengthened constaninople’s fall in 1453

• Called Asia minor Greeks

Balkans Christians

• Under early 16th centur had 81% Christian and the rest Muslim

• Had accommodations for church’s and scarcity of turkic setters

• Welcome conquest because taxes were lighter than former rulers

Devshrime

• Ottoman ciphoned off young Christian boys to serve the state as military soldiers

Threat to Christianity

• Seizure of Constantinople, conquests of Balkan’s, ottoman naval power, siege of Vienna in 1529 and 1686 —> more Muslim takeover

Cooperation/exchange

• Portrayal of Islam world in Italian Renaissance

• Philosophers praising toleration

• French allied ottomans against Austria

Sometimes in fighting theres exchange