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Health Psychology
how behavior, cognition, and physical health are interrelated
Biopsychosocial model
Health consists of biology, psychology, and social context
Stress
physical and psychological response
Perceived stress
individual’s evaluation of the amount of stress they are experiencing
primary appraisal theory
interpretation of stimulus as stressful or not
Secondary appraisal theory
can stressor be handled or not?
General adaptation syndrome
alarm reaction(mobilize resources), resistance(cope with stressor), Exhaustion(reserves depleted)
Sympathetic-adreno-medullary (SAM) axis
governs body’s immediate response to a stressful event
Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis
govern’s the body’s prolonged response to a stressful event
Immune response-cytokines
releases cytokines
Effects of stress on behavior
drugs, alcohol, stress eating
Stress in type A and type B personalities
Type B individuals may experience less stress compared to Type A individuals due to their more laid-back nature.
G x E interactions
Diathesis Stress Model
differential sensitivity hypothesis
some people have genetic predisposition to be more strongly affected by variation in their environment
Epigenetics
study of changes in gene expression or cellular phenotype that do not involve alterations to the underlying DNA sequence
Health disparities
socioeconomic status; racial and ethnic disparities
Illness induced stress
Atherosclerosis- cause of CHD
Perceived control
more effective coping
Problem-focused coping
approaching stressful situations with the belief that one can proactively solve the problem
coping with stress
humor; finding meaning in pursuits; flow;Mindfulness;Diet, exercise, sleep hygience
social support
the degree to which people believe they can turn to others for info, help, advice
Cross-sectional
pros-help determine which abilities develop when, good for comparing groups close together in age, cons-cohort effect
Longitudinal
pros-confident that people are changing overtime, cons- lots of time and resources
Sequential
pros- confident that changes are due to development, generalize across cohorts cons- costly and takes time
Germinal
conception to two weeks
embryonic
2 to 8 weeks
fetal stages of development
9th week and until birth
Neural tube
tubular structure formed early in embryonic stage, head-trunk-tail
Neural migration
Glia creates guide wires
Synaptogenesis
synapse formation
synaptic pruning
the trimming back of unnecessary synapses according to a “use it or lose it” principle
Timing of development in different brain areas
areas the process sensory information, motor areas, areas for language, frontal lobes
Genetic developmental issues
down syndrome
environmental developmental issues
teratogens
Reflexes
automatic patterns of motor responses that are triggered by specific types of sensory stimulation
Imitation
the reproduction or performance of an act that is stimulated by the perception of a similar act by another animal or person.
How to test infants
habituation-dishabituation paradigm
Motor development
Cephalocaudal and Proximodistal
Assimilation
use an existing schema to interpret a new experience
Accommodation
revise schemas to incorporate information from new experiences
Piaget stages
Sensorimotor stage, Preoperational stage, Concrete operational stage, Formal operational stage
Strange situation test
secure, avoidant, resistant
Egocentrism to Theory of mind
preoperational children can’t take other’s perspectives
Sociocultural-Vygotsky
social interaction with knowledgeable others is key to development
Parenting styles
How sensitive and responsive they are to their child’s actions or needs • How demanding or controlling they are of their children’s behavior
Syndrome
A cluster of physical or mental symptoms that are typical of a particular condition or psychological disorder that tend to occur simultaneously
Psychological disorders
Persistent disturbance or dysfunction in behavior, thoughts, or emotions
Psychopathology
the scientific study of psychological disorders
Types of assessment
clinical interview, self-report, projective tests
DSM-5
Lists specific criteria that must be met for diagnosis for each disorder
Specific phobia
marked, persistent, and excessive fear and avoidance of specific objects, activities, or situations
Preparedness theory
people are predisposed toward certain fears
Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD)
chronic excessive worry accompanied by three or more: restlessness, fatigue, concentration problems, irritability, muscle tension, and sleep disturbance
Panic disorder
sudden occurrence of multiple psychological and physiological symptoms that contribute to a feeling of stark terror
Agoraphobia
fear of public places/situations where help might not be available