Elementary Psych final

Health Psychology

how behavior, cognition, and physical health are interrelated

Biopsychosocial model

Health consists of biology, psychology, and social context

Stress

physical and psychological response

Perceived stress

individual’s evaluation of the amount of stress they are experiencing

primary appraisal theory

interpretation of stimulus as stressful or not

Secondary appraisal theory

can stressor be handled or not?

General adaptation syndrome

alarm reaction(mobilize resources), resistance(cope with stressor), Exhaustion(reserves depleted)

Sympathetic-adreno-medullary (SAM) axis

governs body’s immediate response to a stressful event

Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis

govern’s the body’s prolonged response to a stressful event

Immune response-cytokines

releases cytokines

Effects of stress on behavior

drugs, alcohol, stress eating

Stress in type A and type B personalities

Type B individuals may experience less stress compared to Type A individuals due to their more laid-back nature.

G x E interactions

Diathesis Stress Model

differential sensitivity hypothesis

some people have genetic predisposition to be more strongly affected by variation in their environment

Epigenetics

study of changes in gene expression or cellular phenotype that do not involve alterations to the underlying DNA sequence

Health disparities

socioeconomic status; racial and ethnic disparities

Illness induced stress

Atherosclerosis- cause of CHD

Perceived control

more effective coping

Problem-focused coping

approaching stressful situations with the belief that one can proactively solve the problem

coping with stress

humor; finding meaning in pursuits; flow;Mindfulness;Diet, exercise, sleep hygience

social support

the degree to which people believe they can turn to others for info, help, advice

Cross-sectional

pros-help determine which abilities develop when, good for comparing groups close together in age, cons-cohort effect

Longitudinal

pros-confident that people are changing overtime, cons- lots of time and resources

Sequential

pros- confident that changes are due to development, generalize across cohorts cons- costly and takes time

Germinal

conception to two weeks

embryonic

2 to 8 weeks

fetal stages of development

9th week and until birth

Neural tube

tubular structure formed early in embryonic stage, head-trunk-tail

Neural migration

Glia creates guide wires

Synaptogenesis

synapse formation

synaptic pruning

the trimming back of unnecessary synapses according to a “use it or lose it” principle

Timing of development in different brain areas

areas the process sensory information, motor areas, areas for language, frontal lobes

Genetic developmental issues

down syndrome

environmental developmental issues

teratogens

Reflexes

automatic patterns of motor responses that are triggered by specific types of sensory stimulation

Imitation

the reproduction or performance of an act that is stimulated by the perception of a similar act by another animal or person.

How to test infants

habituation-dishabituation paradigm

Motor development

Cephalocaudal and Proximodistal

Assimilation

use an existing schema to interpret a new experience

Accommodation

revise schemas to incorporate information from new experiences

Piaget stages

Sensorimotor stage, Preoperational stage, Concrete operational stage, Formal operational stage

Strange situation test

secure, avoidant, resistant

Egocentrism to Theory of mind

preoperational children can’t take other’s perspectives

Sociocultural-Vygotsky

social interaction with knowledgeable others is key to development

Parenting styles

How sensitive and responsive they are to their child’s actions or needs • How demanding or controlling they are of their children’s behavior

Syndrome

A cluster of physical or mental symptoms that are typical of a particular condition or psychological disorder that tend to occur simultaneously

Psychological disorders

Persistent disturbance or dysfunction in behavior, thoughts, or emotions

Psychopathology

the scientific study of psychological disorders

Types of assessment

clinical interview, self-report, projective tests

DSM-5

Lists specific criteria that must be met for diagnosis for each disorder

Specific phobia

marked, persistent, and excessive fear and avoidance of specific objects, activities, or situations

Preparedness theory

people are predisposed toward certain fears

Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD)

chronic excessive worry accompanied by three or more: restlessness, fatigue, concentration problems, irritability, muscle tension, and sleep disturbance

Panic disorder

sudden occurrence of multiple psychological and physiological symptoms that contribute to a feeling of stark terror

Agoraphobia

fear of public places/situations where help might not be available