psych ch.6 learning

classical conditioning

• Learning via associations between two stimuli

• Ivan Pavlov and diegestion of dogs

Operant conditioning

• Learning via consequences (rewards and punishments)

• Rewarded acts increase in frequency

• Punished acts decrease in frequency

Observational learning

Learning via imitation

Unconditioned Stimulus

• triggers an automatic response.

• like dog salivating to food the food is a ___

Unconditioned Response

A reflexive, involuntary response to an unconditioned stimulus.

Conditioned Stimulus

A previously neutral stimulus that an organism learns to associate with an unconditioned stimulus.

conditioned response

A learned response to a conditioned stimulus.

learning

as a relatively enduring change in behavior or thinking that results from our experiences.

Habituation

• A basic form of learning evident when an organism does not respond as strongly or as often to an event following multiple exposures to it.

• occurs when an organism reduces its response2 to a recurring stimulus

neutral stimulas

something in the environment that does not normally cause a relevant automatic response.

acquisition

The initial learning phase in both classical and operant conditioning

Extinction

conditioned response (CR) decreases and eventually disappears in a process

Spontaneous Recovery

This reappearance of the conditioned response (CR) following its extinction

Generalization

The tendency for stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus to elicit the conditioned response

discrimination

The ability to differentiate between a conditioned stimulus and other stimuli sufficiently different from it.

Positive Reinforcement

• A response is strengthened by the subsequent presentation of a stimulus

• Child cleans his/her room and Parent presents candy as a reward

negative reinforcement

• A response is strengthened by the subsequent removal (or avoidance) of an aversive stimulus

• Child cleans his/her room and Parent stops nagging child to do so

Positive Punishment

• A response is weakened by the subsequent presentation of a stimulus

• Child kicks his/her sibling and Parent scolds the child for doing so

negative punishment

• A response is weakened by the subsequent removal of a stimulus

• Child kicks his/her sibling and Parent takes away child’s favorite toy

shaping

• Reinforcers guide behavior toward closer and closer approximations of the desired behavior

• Animals can learn very complex behaviors via ____

• reward baby steps

primary reinforcers

• Reinforcers that are innately reinforcing, such as those that satisfy biological needs

• food, water, sex, etc

secondary or conditioned reinforcers

• Serve as reinforcers through their repeated pairings with primary reinforcers

• money, compliments, hugs

Continuous reinforcement

Reinforces the behavior each and every time it occurs

Partial reinforcement

Reinforces the behavior intermittently

ratio schedules

• Based on number

• fixed ___

• Variable ___

Interval schedules

• Based on time since last reward

• Fixed interval (FI)

• Variable interval (VI)

fixed ration

• a fixed amount every so many

• dor every ten coffees you get one cookie

fixed interval

• every so often

• every tuesday theres free pazookies

variable ratio

• unpredictable amount of number times

• slot machines

variable interval

• unpredictable amount after random amount of time lapse

observational learning steps

• Pay attention to the model’s behavior

• Retain information in memory

• Be physically capable of reproducing the behavior

• Be motivated to display the behavior

reinforcement

target behavior increases

behaviorism

the scientific study of observable behavior

successive approximations

the use of reinforcers to change behaviors through small steps toward a desired behavior

instinctive drift

• The tendency for animals to revert to instinctual behaviors after a behavior pattern has been learned

• chicken’s pecking for food getting

epigenetics

are exploring how genes associated with behaviors—including those related to aggression—might get “turned on” or “turned off” at critical stages in development

prosocial behavior

• are actions that are kind, generous, and beneficial to others, and children can easily pick them up by observing models

• ex: sesame street

Latent learning

• a type of learning that occurs without awareness and regardless of reinforcement, and is not evident until there is a need to use

• ex: exploring a new park or mall an unconciousy gather smell, touch, sight etc