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What are monomers?
Small units that can bond together to form larger molecules
What are polymers?
A chain of monomers bonded together
Which sugars are simple carbs?
Monosaccharides
Disaccharides
Which sugars are complex carbs?
Polysaccharides
What is the name for 5 and 6 sided monosaccharides?
Pentose sugars
Hexose sugars
Difference between alpha and beta glucose?
Alpha:
The H is at the top on the right side
The OH is at the bottom
Beta: (right side only)
The OH is at the top
The H is at the bottom
What is a condensation reaction?
The formation of a larger biomolecule with the by-product of water
What is hydrolysis?
The breakdown of large biomolecules into smaller molecules, through the addition of water
What are the properties of disaccharides?
Made up of 2 monosaccharides
Joined by glycosidic bonds
Formed with a condensation reaction
Glucose and glucose combine to make?
Maltose and water
Glucose and galactose combine to make what?
Lactose and water
Glucose and fructose combine to make what?
Sucrose and water
How are carbons numbered on sugars?
In a clockwise direction starting from after the oxygen
What would (1,4) refer to in terms of a glycosidic bond?
The 1 means that carbon 1 on the first sugar has bonded to an oxygen which is bonded to carbon 4 on another sugar
Which polysaccharides do you need to know?
Glycogen
Cellulose
Starch
Properties of starch?
Formed from alpha glucose
Comes in amylose and amylopectin
It is an insoluble store of glucose
Properties of amylose?
20% of starch is stored as amylose
Straight chain polymer (1,4 glycosidic bonds)
Forms a helix structure (compacts to fit lots of glucose)
Properties of amylopectin?
80% of starch is stored as amylopectin
Branched chain polymer (1,4 bonds and random 1,6 bonds)
High surface area from chained structure makes it easier for enzymes to break it down during hydrolysis to release glucose
Where is starch found?
In the chloroplasts of plant cells
What is gelatinisation?
Starch and water are subjected to heat, causing the starch granules to swell
What is retrogradation?
The starch molecules re-associate and form and ordered structure (water molecules are released) (this happens when the temperature cools)
Properties of glycogen?
Made of alpha glucose
Many branched structure
Insoluble store of glucose
Found in liver and muscle cells
Branches increase SA for hydrolysis to release glucose
Has 1,4 and 1,6 glycosidic bonds
Properties of cellulose?
Made of beta glucose
Found in cell wall of plant cells
Insoluble
Resists against osmotic pressure, providing structure to the cell
How is the bonding in cellulose related to its structure?
1,4 glycosidic bonds of BETA glucose
Cellulose forms in long straight chains held parallel to each other by hydrogen bonds
Multiple chains of them forms a fibril
How does the structure of cellulose relate to its function?
The many hydrogen bonds between chains creates structural strength
It is insoluble so it does not affect water potential
Note
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