WORLD HISTORY FINAL PART ONE - The Age of New Imperialism

Link between the Industrial Revolution & the Age of New Imperialism

All of the advancements in technology during the Industrial Revolution gave countries the ability to expand (Maxim Guns, Steam Powered Warships, repeating rifles, riverboats, medicine like quinine). The drive for raw materials and a labor force to provide their factories with. Industrial Revolution gave the resources needed for the Age of Imperialism to ensue.

Examples of New Imperialist nations

• France
• Great Britain
• Belgium
• Germany
• Italy
• Portugal
• Spain
• Japan
• USA

Examples of the regions, countries, & continents that were put under imperial rule

• India

• Africa: only two countries remained independent by 1900, Liberia and Ethiopia

• China

• Latin America

• Hawaiian Islands

• the Philippines

Political Motivations for New Imperialism

• countries wanted more land than rival countries
• wanted to be a global power with the most territory
• wanted to spread their governing styles/teachings

Economic Motivations for New Imperialism

• need for natural resources: rubber, petroleum, manganese, palm oil
• bankers wanted more opportunities for investments
• expanding global market by increasing amount of potential customers to sell their manufactured goods to (industrialization)
• need for raw materials for factories

Military Motivations for New Imperialism

• need for bases all over the world (for merchant ships and naval ships)
• colonies to protect national security interests
• prestige for having many colonies/seizing islands or harbors
• ports for refueling (refueling stations)
• use colonial population as soldiers

Social Motivations for New Imperialism

• spread their religion (EX: Christianity was a spreading religion)
• spread their traditions and culture to become more popular
• spread their technology, education, medicine, and new advancements
• colonies allowed a place for a rapidly growing population
• bring the "blessings of civilization" to their colonies

Justifications for New Imperialism

They had to "civilize" the people there or spread their religion to them (like Christianity). Paternalism; the people in the colonies needed the imperialists help.

Reasons why newspapers & authors were relevant and important contributors to New Imperialism

They made it seem glorious and patriotic. They did not touch upon the struggles of the people living in the colonies, if they did they glossed over it.

Political changes that happened in locations that were put under imperial rule

• Direct Rule: used by the French, officials and soldiers ruled their colonies, wanted to bring French culture to the colonies, reflected the belief that the colonial people could not rule themselves
• Indirect Rule: used by the British, British governor and advisors made laws for each colony, local rulers loyal to the British government served as agents, British encouraged young children of local rulers to get an education in Britain, led to local rulers being stripped of power but still had some influence, communicated directly with colony = reduce resistance
• Protectorate Rule: local rulers remained but had to follow advice of European advisors, advice was on issues with trade (economics) and religion
• Sphere of Influence: an area where an outside power (another country) claimed exclusive privilege (in investments and trade), affected China and parts of Latin America, prevented conflict with other countries, cost less than colonies, no large military commitment
• European nations set up governments in conquered territories which reflected their traditions and values
• Europeans used their own legal systems against natives
• Europeans drew up borders around their territories, ignoring whether or not they split up cultures and ethnic groups or put people with no common heritage together

Economic changes that happened in locations that were put under imperial rule

• colonies profited the European powers through their local mines and farms
• cash crops grown in colonies (rubber, cotton, palm oil, peanuts) were sold internationally
• colonies provided raw materials to industrial factories
• imports overpowered indigenous industries and homemade products
• colonies became dependent on profits from industrial market
• local people were taxes to keep the colonial government running
• the only money available to colonial people came from selling labor
• colonies gave RAW MATERIALS and CASH CROPS, while the European powers gave manufactured goods

Military changes that happened in locations that were put under imperial rule

• Maxim Guns: some of the first machine guns
• newly invented Steam Powered Warships were used in military
• repeating rifle: another early form of the machine gun
• telegraph used for army communication
• riverboats carried soldiers and supplies
• Medicine (quinine and others) assisted European soldiers by protecting them from deadly diseases like Malaria
• medicine allowed soldiers to go to inner Africa and others where before they would've died of disease
• imperialists set rival groups against each other → they don't band together and kick out invaders (divide and conquer)
• making military bases on colonies so that the empire could have a bigger reach
• made people in the colonies fight in the military for the imperialist

Social changes that happened in locations that were put under imperial rule

• missionaries set up schools in the colonies for children to learn their religion and get an education
• people took on the ideas of Christianity from missionaries and adopted them instead of traditional teachings
• people needed cash because of economic growth
• men took on jobs in distant mines and plantations, making them more absent from their families
• made families move into colonial cities
• money and economics contributed to the breakdown of traditional culture in the colonies
• close-knit villages became lass common
• colonies became more popular
• people living under colonial rule were not happy

Case Study: Africa

• 1400s to 1700s: Europeans stayed along the coast of Africa, did not venture inside
• late 1800s: Europeans traveled into Africa easily because of medical advancement and river steamships
• Europeans looking for an adventure came, but so did missionaries
• paternalism shaped some missionaries' interactions with Africans: encouraged children to reject their traditional culture
• David Livingstone: doctor and missionary, spent 30 years traveling across Africa, wrote about Africans with sympathy like they were humans too, tried to end enslavement thought opening interior Africa to Christianity and trade would fix it, "discovered" the Victoria Falls, Henry Stanley tried to find this man
• 1875: Europeans controlled less than 10% of Africa
• 1900: 90% of Africa divided into European colonies
• 1879: Henry Stanley claimed the Congo River Valley (full of rubber trees, 80 times bigger than Belgium itself!) for King Leopold II who started a secret regime of slave labor, mutilations, and murders → 8 to 10 million people killed
• 1884 to 1885: European representatives (NO African rulers or representatives) met in Berlin to declare "first come, first serve"
• the Scramble for Africa lasted for 25 years
• conquered Africa: superior industrialized weapons but African resisted fiercely → many African casualties, tricked Africans into making alliance → dominate the alliance, accepted Africans invitation to protect them → dominate them
• only Liberia and Ethiopia remained independent: Liberia protected by USA, and Ethiopia's emperor Menelik II gained modern weapons, fought off Italy, and created his own African empire
• Europeans kept African rulers on throne to prevent revolt as people were familiar with rulers, morale went up, rulers knew history and language better → a buffer

Case Study: Africa, Part 2

• European taxed Africans in European currency (African rulers taxed with goods and labor) → Africans had to work for Europeans growing cash crops not food
• used African taxes to improve health care, farming methods, and European-style education → ONLY for Europeans usually
• Africans treated like second-class citizens, not given the same rights and opportunities because of race, age, social class
• Europeans: encouraged ethnic group rivalries, limited education, denied proper training for different jobs to Africans, relied on non-Africans to do special skilled jobs → to maintain successful control over African empires
• poverty, customs, and climate limited Europeans' export sales to Africans
• farming techniques successful in Europe (seed drill) not successful in Africa because of different climate
• cash crop plantations for peanut, palm oil, cocoa, rubber + harvested and exported = money for Europeans! but hurt Africans because they couldn't use land to grow food
• mines to develop Africa's mineral resources = Europeans made money! but Africans did the dangerous and difficult labor for little pay

Case Study: India

• British East India Company (BEIC): British citizens that pooled their money together to form a joint-stock company that purchased government contracts, one of the most successful of the 1600s, 1700s, and 1800s, established trade posts in Bombay, Madras (Chennai), and Calcutta because they were near water
• 1700s: Mughal Empire declining
• Par. gave BEIC right to own army, pass laws, and its own currency → wanted the natural materials (cash crops) from the BEIC and to TAX THE PROFITS
• BEIC used diplomacy, superior weapons, intrigue to guarantee the break up of Mughal Empire
• BEIC wanted to make a lot of money in India → improved roads, preserved peace, reduced banditry
• 1600s, 1700s, 1800s: India pop grew = more customers to buy BEIC goods
• RAW COTTON was vital to British factories → kept BEIC in India
• Indian ruling dynasty practiced Islam but majority of pop. practiced Hinduism → BEIC played the two groups against each other
• Akbar the Great (born Muslim) created his own religion, gave Hindus government jobs, ended Hindu's extra tax, encouraged religious toleration
• BEIC passed a law banning sati (upper caste widow would throw herself in husband's funeral pyre to die too) → widows could remarry, overall conditions improved
• sepoys: Indian men who served in the BEIC's private army as it gained more land and wealth in India
• soldiers required to serve anywhere needed + widows encouraged to remarry by law if husband died serving BEIC = increased resentment of soldiers and families
• 1857: BEIC issued new rifle that used cow or pig fat to grease the cartridge which soldiers had to bite off → cows sacred to Hindus, pigs sacred to Muslims

Case Study: India, Part 2

• Uprising of 1857: Sepoys revolted to stop the BEIC's cultural disrespect, response to the cartridges, killed British men, women, and children along their way to Dehli
• British crown sent troops to crush Uprising of 1857, they burned villages and killed thousands of unarmed Indians → "We will not tolerate any dissent"
• 1858: India placed under direct rule of the British Parliament → the British Raj created
• to secure the British Raj, Britain sent more troops to India and taxed the Indians for it
• Viceroy: British man who lived in India as #1 official and governed in the name of the Queen
• British officials held the top jobs in government and army under the British Raj
• Minority Upper Class: well-educated Indian men who served in other government and military jobs, many attended British schools and experienced western-style training
• Indian princes benefited under British Raj by exporting cash crops (Britain never had direct political control over entire India)
• Positives of British Imperialism: peace and order in countryside, roads and railroads helped Indians move around, telegraph and postal system improved communication, upperclassmen could send sons to British schools, Indian landowners and princes who still had territory made lots of money exporting cash crops, education for all
• Negatives of British Imperialism: deforestation + other environmental destruction because of mass production of cash crops, famine because of mass production of cash crops, high taxes to pay for modernization, less pay for equal jobs (20 times less), no political voice (no voting)

Case Study: India, Part 3

• Ram Mohan Roy: use Western ideas to revitalize Indian culture, wanted to make Hindu castes less rigid, end child marriage and sati, stop purdah (Islamic tradition of isolating women in separate quarters), set up educational societies, founder of Indian Nationalism
• Indian National Congress Party (est. 1885): most members were Hindu, first wanted to seek reforms for India, overtime wanted self rule/independence, encouraged boycotting British goods to hurt Britain financially, believed peaceful protest would ultimately help India gain self rule
• Muslim League (est. 1906): Muslim elites got nervous about not being represented by the majority Hindu INC, overall purpose was to protect the rights and interests of Muslims in India, called for self rule of India at first, by 1930s they wanted a separate Muslim country (Pakistan, created after the British Raj ended)

Case Study: China

• under Ch'ing Dynasty, China chose to focus inwardly → not much trading = less money, did not undergo the Industrial Revolution → vulnerable, less technologically advanced (inferior weapons)
• 1800: 300 million adults + 100 million teens = a lot of customers
• China home to silk and porcelain (china) → Europeans wanted to buy it for centuries!
• Ch'ing Dynasty refused to accept unregulated trade so BEIC smuggled opium from India into China and got people addicted (1 out of 3 people were addicted)
• Why people took opium: rich young people thought it was new and exciting, it was a relief for poor people, caused people to fall asleep → dens created where people stayed and took opium for days neglecting their responsibilities, similar to heroin and fentanyl
• Ch'ing Dynasty appealed to Queen Victoria asking her to stop the BEIC (do the right thing…) → Queen Victoria ignored them, she did nothing (she would lose money, less stuff to tax)
• First Opium War (1839): fought at Sea, China VS Britain, winner: Britain because they had better weapons (cannons) and Queen Victory sent the British Navy to defend British citizens in the BEIC
• Lin Zexu: declared opium trade illegal, arrested dealers, confiscated and destroyed it by dumping it in rivers, arrested addicts
• Treaty of Nanking (1842): officially ended first opium war, beginning of 100 years of humiliation, China had to pay for ALL expenses of the war (indemnity) ~21 million in 1842, Britain gained 4 more ports in China (Britain controlled 5 ports in China), Britain gained extraterritorial rights (did not have to obey Chinese law) over their ports, increased opium sales in China, carved China into spheres of influence → foreigner's economic interest came before China's people

Case Study: China, Part 2

• Taiping Rebellion (1853): a civil war, Chinese people furious at government (Ch'ing Dynasty) because they signed unequal treaties, millions were starving, they lost the opium war, they were losing control of China, they were too weak, people dying from opium addiction, starvation, and floods; GOAL: overthrow the Ch'ing Dynasty and place a new strong government, FAILED because Britain and Chinese government's armies teamed up to defeat the rebels in a 10 year war where 20 million died
• Taiping Rebellion caused: Ch'ing Dynasty to upgrade their navy + army, improve transportation and communication, expand educational system to include technical subjects and foreign languages → did NOT make the Chinese people happy because they wanted little to no Western influence
• Second Opium War (1857-1860): fought at land AND sea, Great Britain and France VS China, winners: Great Britain and France because industrialization (better weapons) and teamed up against China, made Russia, Japan, and Germany jealous → took land from China
• US nervous after Second Opium War because China was carved up into colonies and American traders were shut out → US issued the Open Door Policy (allow the US to continue trading with China), but China was left at the mercy of foreigners, any country that wanted to trade with China could, Christian missionaries came preaching and building churches
• Boxer Rebellion (1900): China furious at foreigners because they dominated most cities and humiliated them, "Death to the Foreign Devils!", FAILED because Great Britain, France, Germany, Austria, Italy, Russia, Japan, and US troops teamed up to defeat them (wanted to protect their economic interests in China)
• Boxer Rebellion caused: China wanted to change future with nationalism (China for China), republicanism (vote), and land reform (more peasant land)

Case Study: Japan

• Tokugawa Shogunate had 250 years of isolation → lacked modern weapons and tech, factories, profits from trade
• Japan only traded with China and the Netherlands at Nagasaki (big profits gained → US jealous) → USA commissioned Commodore Matthew Perry to lead naval mission to Japan to open Japan to foreign trade
• Perry's "Black Ships" sent message that US was stronger and could easily crush the Japanese → Japan and US signed the Treaty of Kanagawa
• Treaty of Kanagawa: US got free trade with Japan, US granted extraterritorial rights in Japan
• seeing US' modern tech, Japan and their government were alarmed → feared they would be gobbled up unless modernized, so Tokugawa Shogunate was overthrown
• 15 yr old Emperor Mutsuhito took thrown, named his new government "Meiji" ("enlightened rule") → 50 yr old reformers could boss the kid around easily
• Meiji government's key goal: modernization
• Meiji government wrote new constitution based on Germany's, ended feudalism (samurai culture), and empowered a small group of reform-minded men who wanted to make Japan a powerhouse
• picked Tomomi Iwakura to protect Japan from being taken over by foreign nations → he traveled to US and Britain to study their ways of life and chose the best they had to offer (brought back inspiration)
• Tomomi Iwakura's national program: built national railroad line (7,000 mi), coal and iron production soared, government became directly involved in running factories
• borrowed little money from European and American bankers because then the nation would demand political and economic interference → made money through selling silk instead
• owed NO foreign nation any money and was free from debt despite its widespread industrialization reforms

Case Study: Japan, Part 2

• experienced militarization (government and civilians agreed that military was #1 priority) → refocus its energy on the Japanese armed services!
• built a new navy on Britain's model + built a new army on Germany's model → by 1899, not a single western nation maintained extraterritorial rights in Japan (including US)
• 1894: tested new military strength by going to war against China → won the war and gained control of Korea, already began to eye Manchuria because of its large deposits of coal and iron (to use for ships, army, and factories)
• Russia was also industrializing and wanted Manchuria → Russia felt it had no choice but to wage war against Japan, confident they would win and force Japan to give up its imperial ambitions
• Russo-Japanese War (1904), an unexpected Japanese victory! (Battle of Tsushima where 38/40 Russian ships SUNK!) → shocked, humiliated, and mortified Russian surrendered to Japan. Tsar Nicholas II desperately sought another chance to prove his military leadership ability to his own people and the world (came 10 years later, WWI)
• Japan celebrated recent military victories, but wanted MORE, not satisfied with its role in global community nor empire size → Japan started building a big, powerful empire in Pacific

Case Study: Western Hemisphere

• US and Europe wanted to build empires here: many resources for factories (tin from Bolivia, copper from Chile), market for LA food products, more customers
• Latin America built railroads, docks, processing plants, refrigerated railroad cars and ships to BOOST rates of production → LA had to borrow money from US and Europe
• US feared Europe would take over LA and security of US and American businesses would be in danger
• 1895: Cubans began fighting for independence, Americans reminded of their own fight for independence, wanted to protect their sugar, and Cuba guarded the Gulf of Mexico
• Spanish-American War starts: February 1898 US battleship USS Maine exploded mysteriously (200 sailors dies) → US newspapers blamed Spain with no evidence (wanted to make money) making the American public want to go to war against Spain, US government declared war on Spain in April 1898
• Spanish-American War results: lasted 5 months, America won and gained Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Philippines, US allowed to intervene with Cuban affairs (tried to kill Fidel Castro many times) and right to build naval bases in Cuba (Guantanamo Bay)
• motives of the Panama Canal: expanding trade and the military could move faster
• original plan for Panama Canal: US would but it from Colombia for $10 million and a yearly payment but Colombian government thought it was too low → Roosevelt encouraged revolution in Panama by offering weapons and military back up with the US Navy anchored in the harbor
• Panama Canal changes: Panama was born, canal was built (land was cut through), US benefited because trade went up and their navy could travel faster
• Monroe Doctrine (1823): Americas were closed to further European colonization
• Roosevelt Corollary (1904): US could act as international police officer in Americas → justified US intervention in LA

Case Study: Western Hemisphere, Part 2

• US sent troops into LA when American investments were in danger or American lives (they toppled governments and killed leaders)
• Nicaragua, Haiti, Dominican Republic, and Cuba all experienced US military intervention between 1904 and 1930
• Hawaiian islands: rich in resources, good place for coaling station, good place for naval bases, could be a refueling station, before 1898 it was independent
• 1880s: Americans owned lucrative sugar and pineapple (dole) plantations in Hawaiian islands → Americans wanted Hawaii to become a state so they faced no more tariffs
• Queen Lilioukalani was the ruler of independent Hawaiian islands and refused to give up her country's freedom → overthrown (US started a revolution)
• 1898: Hawaii became part of the US

The Philippine-American War

• Spain had imperial control over Cuba and the Philippines in 1895 who both wanted independence
• Filipino freedom fighters declared war against Spain in 1896
• most famous Filipino rebel leader: Emilio Aguinaldo
• 1896 to 1898 Filipino rebels believed US was a source of support: US was actively helping Cuba fight for independence, Dewey (very powerful man) met with Aguinaldo privately aboard a US Naval warship and brought him back to the Philippines
• July 1898: Aguinaldo declared the Philippines as an independent republic nation, asked US for support but US ignored them
• December 1898: US and Spain signed a treaty and Guam, Puerto Rico, and the Philippines sold to US → Filipinos now fighting against US so Aguinaldo made an official declaration of war against US
• brutal and prolonged: guerilla warfare used (sneak attacks, hit and runs), teenagers made up Filipino army, 63,000 US soldiers did not succeed in defeating Filipino resistance in 3 years, US attacked Filipino troops and civilians, 500,000 Filipinos died, three years of official war but a decade more of fighting
• FAVORED this: good fueling station for US ships, help expand into China, required to educate islands, required to "Christianize" islands, believed islanders could not govern or defend themselves against European powers, primitive and savage people (Filipinos) had to be protected
• OPPOSED this: empires were anti-democratic, overseas empires would only add to the overwhelming power of big businesses (rich people richer), violation of a nation's heritage, plain racist
• first decade of 1900s: Philippines became part of US' military empire (navy bases) by one vote in the Senate