Psych- chapter 5

(Q001) When we initially detect physical stimuli, such as odors, light, and sound, we call this

a)

absolute threshold.

b)

sensation.

c)

difference threshold.

d)

perception.

sensation

(Q002) Kaylene is making pasta for her family's dinner, and has a big pot of tomato sauce simmering on the stove. Kaylene tastes it and then adds salt. Two minutes later she tastes it again but it tastes the same. Clearly the added salt did not exceed Kaylene's __________ threshold.

a)

sensory

b)

absolute

c)

difference

d)

perceptual

difference

(Q014) Which of these, located in the cochlea, detect(s) sound waves and transduce(s) them into signals ultimately processed in the brain as sound?

a)

ossicles

b)

eardrum

c)

hair cells

d)

auditory nerve

hair cells

(Q004) Carlos accidentally added an extra tablespoon of sugar into a cake batter. This probably won't matter much, although the same tablespoon of sugar would be noticeable if he put it in his cup of tea. What explains this difference?

a)

signal detection theory

b)

Weber's law

c)

top-down processing

d)

sensory adaptation

weber's law

(Q003) The start gun goes off to signal the beginning of the race. Before the runners can interpret the meaning of the noise, however, their sensory receptors must translate the sound waves into neural signals the brain can understand in a process called

a)

perception.

b)

sensation.

c)

transduction.

d)

synesthesia.

transduction

(Q006) Japhet knows that while rods are spread throughout the retina, cones are concentrated around the fovea. From this knowledge, what might Japhet infer?

a)

Fine detail is easier to see in the periphery of the visual field.

b)

Fine detail is easier to see in the dark.

c)

Color is easier to see in the center of the visual field.

d)

Color is easier to detect in the dark.

Color is easier to see in the center of the visual field.

(Q009) Basic visual information including orientation, size, and movement of objects is housed in which part of the brain?

a)

optic nerve

b)

primary visual cortex

c)

ganglion cells

d)

optic chiasm

primary visual cortex

(Q005) When Marla first moved to New York City, she could hardly sleep because of all the noise coming from the nearby street. But after a month or two, she stopped noticing these noises, and now she feels like she would have a hard time sleeping in a quiet country village. What explains this change?

a)

sensory adaptation

b)

opponent-process theory

c)

Weber's law

d)

bottom-up processing

sensory adaptation

(Q007) Kristina wants to paint the living room a bright blue. Maya prefers the dark blue paint. In other words, they disagree about the __________ of the light reflecting from the two colors.

a)

hue

b)

wavelength

c)

frequency

d)

amplitude

amplitude

(Q008) Claudio is out on a whale watching boat trip. He sees a dolphin near the boat because light waves pass through his cornea and enter his eye through the pupil. Which step of processing in the visual system does this describe?

a)

step 4: perception

b)

step 3: transduction

c)

step 1: physical stimulus

d)

step 2: sensation

step 1: physical stimulus

(Q010) Bradley is watching his twin daughters play on a playground seesaw, and is fascinated by the way only one side can be up or down at a time. He thinks about color vision, and recognizes that this is similar to how the __________ theory describes his ability to see just one color of a color-pair at a time.

a)

signal detection

b)

opponent-process

c)

trichromatic

d)

sensory adaptation

opponent-process

(Q011) When our assignment of __________ to an image is ambiguous, we can shift back and forth between seeing two different images in one picture; what we thought was part of the background can also shift to look like the most important part of the picture.

a)

binocular disparity

b)

proximity

c)

figure and ground

d)

grouping

figure and ground

(Q012) As Fatima gazes out onto the mountain landscape, she is able to tell what is near to her and what is far away by using both __________ cues, like occlusion, relative size, and linear perspective, and __________ cues, like disparity.

a)

binocular; monocular

b)

bottom-up; top-down

c)

top-down; bottom-up

d)

monocular; binocular

monocular; binocular

(Q013) Howard loves everything about movies, including movie history. He knows that many of the tricks used in special effects have their origins in the research of Gestalt psychologist Max Wertheimer, who conducted experiments on

a)

binocular disparity.

b)

stroboscopic motion.

c)

motion aftereffects.

d)

linear perspective.

stroboscopic motion.

(Q020) Chef Louise knows that both smell and taste contribute to the experience of

a)

gustation.

b)

transduction.

c)

flavor.

d)

olfaction.

flavor

(Q018) Chris loves a certain song that starts off at a low pitch, but finishes with the lead singer singing it at a higher octave. In other words, Chris likes the way the __________ changes over the course of the song.

a)

hue

b)

localization

c)

frequency

d)

amplitude

frequency

(Q015) When Sabrina listens to the orchestra play "How Can I Remember," her ability to process the sensation of the beautiful music is caused by the

a)

stimulation of her olfactory receptors in the olfactory epithelium.

b)

activation of pressure receptors in the skin of her ears.

c)

bending of hair cells in the basilar membrane.

d)

activation of both rods and cones in the retina.

bending of hair cells in the basilar membrane.

(Q023) When Lin is eating at a Thai restaurant, the chemical modules in the food are detected by the taste receptors in his tongue. Once the taste receptors generate action potentials, these signals are sent to Lin's gustatory cortex of the brain by way of the __________ nerve.

a)

facial

b)

oculomotor

c)

vagus

d)

trigeminal

facial

(Q016) Jesse has an infection in his middle ear, and through this, he is experiencing firsthand the role that the middle ear plays in hearing. The structures of the middle ear primarily serve which purpose?

a)

transduce auditory information into signals

b)

funnel sound waves into the ear

c)

detect sound waves

d)

amplify sound vibrations

amplify sound vibrations

(Q019) Although she and her roommate have the same exact ringtone, Lakisa can always tell when the ringing phone is coming from her side of the room. She can do this because of the difference in time the sound takes to reach her left versus her right ear, and also because the sound reaching the ear closest to the phone is

a)

quieter.

b)

more intense.

c)

higher pitched.

d)

lower pitched.

more intense

(Q017) When Martine listens to the sound of her cell phone ringing, several steps take place. When pressure waves in the cochlea move to the basilar membrane, stimulating the sensory receptors in the inner ear, this is the __________ step in the hearing process where __________ occurs.

a)

third; perception

b)

second; perception

c)

second; sensation

d)

third; sensation

second; sensation

(Q021) Every taste experience is composed of a mixture of five basic qualities: sweet, sour, salty, bitter, and

a)

spicy.

b)

papillae.

c)

umami.

d)

fatty.

umami

(Q029) Stuart is walking past his bedroom door and accidentally slams his elbow into the door frame. The pain is sharp, immediate, and intense. The next morning his pain is a dull ache that bothers him throughout the day. The initial pain Stuart felt was caused by __________ fibers, whereas the pain he felt the next morning was caused by __________ fibers.

a)

slow; fast

b)

fast; slow

c)

large; small

d)

small; large

fast;slow

(Q028) When Dennis gets into his hot tub after a long day at work, he smiles and enjoys the feeling of the massaging bubbles from the jets. This stimulates the _____ receptors in his skin.

a)

tickle

b)

hot

c)

cold

d)

pressure

pressure

(Q027) Celeste's new hobby is slacklining, or walking on low ropes loosely strung a few feet off the ground between two trees or poles. To avoid falling, Celeste relies on her __________ sense to maintain balance.

a)

vestibular

b)

olfactory

c)

kinesthetic

d)

gustatory

vestibular

(Q022) Kaitlyn has three favorite perfumes. One is floral, one is musky, and one has a citrus smell. What is the most likely explanation for how the receptors in her olfactory epithelium transduce these smells for interpretation by the brain?

a)

There is one type of receptor that encodes the scent of each individual perfume.

b)

All three perfumes are encoded by the same receptors, but the brain is able to distinguish them.

c)

Some olfactory receptors are more sensitive than others.

d)

A unique pattern of several receptors is stimulated by each perfume, and this pattern is interpreted by the brain.

A unique pattern of several receptors is stimulated by each perfume, and this pattern is interpreted by the brain.

(Q025) In addition to pain receptors, there are five types of __________ at the base of hair follicles and throughout the skin.

a)

temperature receptors

b)

cranial nerves

c)

spinal nerves

d)

pressure receptors

pressure receptors

(Q024) At what point do taste preferences begin to develop?

a)

in the womb

b)

immediately after birth

c)

during infancy

d)

in early childhood

in the womb

(Q030) Barbara has fallen and dislocated her shoulder. The doctor knows he is going to cause her a lot of pain while he puts her shoulder back into its proper position. He gently braces her arm and just before resetting the shoulder, he pinches Barbara hard on the arm. How will this affect her pain when he puts her shoulder back into position?

a)

The pinch will cause a release of neurotransmitters in her shoulder, blocking all pain messages to her brain for several minutes.

b)

The pinch will activate her slow fibers and increase her sense of having a dull ache.

c)

The pinch will temporarily distract Barbara and decrease her awareness of the shoulder pain.

d)

The pinch will activate fast fibers and increase her sense of having a sharp pain.

The pinch will temporarily distract Barbara and decrease her awareness of the shoulder pain.

(Q026) The myelinated axons of which nerves carry pain information to the brain?

a)

slow fibers

b)

fast fibers

c)

cold receptors

d)

warm receptors

fast fibers