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what is cognition?
All processes associated with perception, knowledge, judgement, etc.
cognitive psychology
study of how people think
Organization of Information
Includes groupings for language, images, ideas, or memories
natural concept
Concepts created through direct experience
artificial concept
Concepts defined by a specific set of characteristics/rules
prototype
Best Example or representation of a concept
schemata
-Collections of related concepts or ideas to organize info
-Allows the brain to operate more efficiently by making assumptions
-Stereotypes
Role Schema
Assumptions about how individuals will behave within certain roles
Event Schema (Cognitive Script)
Set of behaviors that have become routine
trial and error
Trying different solutions until the correct one is found
algorithms
Step-by-step problem solving formula
heuristics
General Problem Solving Frameworks
“Rule of thumb”
why use heuristics
Too much information
Limited Information
Limited Time
Unimportant Decision
When using the Heuristic is convenient
Anchoring Bias
Focus on only one piece of information when making a decision
Confirmation Bias
Focus on info that confirms your existing beliefs
Hindsight Bias
Leads to the belief the past events were predictable
Representative Bias
Unintentional stereotyping of someone or something
Availability Heuristic
Making a decision based on information or experiences that are readily available
Preserves already established knowledge, beliefs, and attitudes
IQ Tests
Intelligence Quotient
Created to normalize and standardize analytical, logical, and linguistic intelligence
Standard Deviation
Describe how data is dispersed as compared to the mean
1 Standard Deviation
either above or below the mean (100) by 15 points, is considered normal/average intelligence (68% of pop)
2 Standard Deviations
above or below the mean (100), is considered abnormal
130 and above
70 and below
Learning Disabilities
Cognitive Disorders that affect different areas of of cognition, particularly linguistic and reading
Dyslexia, Disgraphia
Intellectual Disabilities
Affect two areas
Learning and Problem Solving
Adaptive Functioning (Communication, Daily Living)
Down Syndrome
Autism
what is a phoneme?
a sound of a language ex “sh” “ch” “oo”
what is a morpheme?
phonemes combined to make a word with meaning ex “shower” “pool”
what is a semantic?
same word with different meaning depending on location ex. “thong” shoe or underwear “chip” potato chip or french fry
what is overgeneralization?
an overuse of rules ex. saying mouses instead of mice when the rule is adding s to make a word plural
linguistic determinism
language and its structures limit and determine human knowledge or thought ex. greek has 7 words for love and english has 1 so does that affect the way we think about love