psych chapter 7 quiz

what is cognition?

All processes associated with perception, knowledge, judgement, etc.

cognitive psychology

study of how people think

Organization of Information

Includes groupings for language, images, ideas, or memories

natural concept

Concepts created through direct experience

artificial concept

Concepts defined by a specific set of characteristics/rules

prototype

Best Example or representation of a concept

schemata

-Collections of related concepts or ideas to organize info

-Allows the brain to operate more efficiently by making assumptions

-Stereotypes

Role Schema

Assumptions about how individuals will behave within certain roles

Event Schema (Cognitive Script)

Set of behaviors that have become routine

trial and error

Trying different solutions until the correct one is found

algorithms

Step-by-step problem solving formula

heuristics

General Problem Solving Frameworks

“Rule of thumb”

why use heuristics

Too much information

Limited Information

Limited Time

Unimportant Decision

When using the Heuristic is convenient

Anchoring Bias

Focus on only one piece of information when making a decision

Confirmation Bias

Focus on info that confirms your existing beliefs

Hindsight Bias

Leads to the belief the past events were predictable

Representative Bias

Unintentional stereotyping of someone or something

Availability Heuristic

Making a decision based on information or experiences that are readily available

Preserves already established knowledge, beliefs, and attitudes

IQ Tests

Intelligence Quotient

Created to normalize and standardize analytical, logical, and linguistic intelligence 

Standard Deviation

Describe how data is dispersed as compared to the mean

1 Standard Deviation

either above or below the mean (100) by 15 points, is considered normal/average intelligence (68% of pop)

2 Standard Deviations

above or below the mean (100), is considered abnormal

• 130 and above 

• 70 and below

Learning Disabilities

Cognitive Disorders that affect different areas of of cognition, particularly linguistic and reading

Dyslexia, Disgraphia

Intellectual Disabilities

• Affect two areas

  • Learning and Problem Solving

  • Adaptive Functioning (Communication, Daily Living)

• Down Syndrome

• Autism

what is a phoneme?

a sound of a language ex “sh” “ch” “oo”

what is a morpheme?

phonemes combined to make a word with meaning ex “shower” “pool”

what is a semantic?

same word with different meaning depending on location ex. “thong” shoe or underwear “chip” potato chip or french fry

what is overgeneralization?

an overuse of rules ex. saying mouses instead of mice when the rule is adding s to make a word plural

linguistic determinism

language and its structures limit and determine human knowledge or thought ex. greek has 7 words for love and english has 1 so does that affect the way we think about love