AP exam 4

What is the study of tissues called?

Histology.

What are the four types of tissues?

Epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous tissues.

Which type of tissue has the greatest amount of matrix?

Connective tissue.

Which type of tissue is avascular (without blood vessels)?

Epithelial tissue.

What are the functions of epithelial tissue?

Protection, absorption, secretion, and sensation.

How is epithelial tissue classified?

By the number of layers (simple or stratified) and by shape (squamous, cuboidal, columnar).

Where is simple squamous epithelium typically found?

In areas where diffusion or filtration occurs, such as alveoli of lungs and capillaries.

What is the function of microvilli?

To increase surface area for absorption.

What is the function of cilia?

To move substances across the epithelial surface.

What are the basic functions and characteristics of connective tissue?

Support, binding, protection, insulation, and transportation; characterized by a large amount of extracellular matrix.

Which specific connective tissue has a large amount of liquid matrix?

Blood.

Where is hyaline cartilage found?

In the nose, trachea, and at the ends of long bones.

Where is fibrocartilage found?

In intervertebral discs and the pubic symphysis.

Where is elastic cartilage found?

In the external ear and epiglottis.

What are chondrocytes and osteocytes?

Chondrocytes are cells found in cartilage; osteocytes are cells found in bone.

What are the 'pockets' that contain chondrocytes and osteocytes called?

Lacunae.

Where do you find dense regular connective tissue?

In tendons and ligaments.

Where do you find dense irregular connective tissue?

In the dermis of the skin.

Which two types of tissues are most similar due to their excitability?

Muscle and nervous tissues.

What is the purpose of an action potential in nerves and muscles?

To transmit electrical signals for communication and contraction.

What are the two types of cells in nervous tissue?

Neurons and glial cells.

Describe the three types of muscle tissue. Where are they located?

Skeletal muscle (attached to bones, voluntary), cardiac muscle (heart, involuntary), smooth muscle (walls of hollow organs, involuntary).

Which type(s) of muscle have striations?

Skeletal and cardiac muscle.

What are tight junctions, desmosomes, and gap junctions?

Types of cell junctions; tight junctions prevent leakage, desmosomes provide strength, and gap junctions allow communication.

What type of tissue forms the major portion of glands?

Epithelial tissue.

What is a goblet cell and what does it produce?

A specialized epithelial cell that produces mucus.

Describe how holocrine, apocrine, and merocrine glands function.

Holocrine glands release entire cells, apocrine glands release part of the cell, and merocrine glands secrete fluids without losing cellular material.

What are the two ways tissues can be repaired?

Regeneration (replacement with the same type of tissue) and fibrosis (replacement with scar tissue).

What is the major control center for the autonomic nervous system?

The hypothalamus.

What are the effectors for the autonomic nervous system?

Smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands.

What effect would cutting autonomic fibers have on the effector?

It would disrupt the normal function of the effector.

What is the sympathetic response known as?

Fight-or-flight response.

What are the parasympathetic responses known as?

SLUDD (salivation, lacrimation, urination, digestion, defecation).

What are the neurotransmitters used in the autonomic nervous system?

Acetylcholine (ACh) for parasympathetic and norepinephrine for sympathetic.

What are the three types of skin cancer?

Basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, and melanoma.

What is the most malignant type of skin cancer?

Melanoma.

What are the differences between first, second, and third degree burns?

First degree affects only the epidermis, second degree affects the epidermis and part of the dermis, and third degree affects all layers of skin.

What are the five classes of receptors based on modality?

Mechanoreceptors, thermoreceptors, photoreceptors, chemoreceptors, and nociceptors.

Which class of receptor is responsible for hearing and equilibrium?

Mechanoreceptors.

What are the structures of the outer, middle, and inner ear?

Outer ear (pinna and external auditory canal), middle ear (ossicles), inner ear (cochlea and vestibular system).

What is the order of the auditory ossicles from tympanic membrane to oval window?

Malleus, incus, stapes.

What are the two types of fluids found in the eye?

Aqueous humor and vitreous humor.

What structure produces the aqueous humor?

Ciliary body.

What are the intrinsic muscles of the eye?

Iris and ciliary body.

What are the cranial nerves that control the extrinsic eye muscles?

Oculomotor (III), trochlear (IV), and abducens (VI).

What is the visual pathway?

Light passes through the cornea, aqueous humor, lens, vitreous humor, and hits the retina.