Bis 2c Lab Practical UC Davis

which are not cephalized

mussels, clams,

Hemimetabolous

(of an insect with aquatic young) undergoing incomplete metamorphosis in which the young does not resemble the adult

holometabolus

dramatic change

Cnidaria

cnidocytes, radial symetry, incomplete gut, sting, anemonies, jellies,

monophyletic

ALL descendants came from one common ancestor

paraphyletic

Pertaining to a group of taxa that consists of a common ancestor and some, but not all, of its descendants.

polyphyletic

pertaining to a group of taxa that includes distantly related organisms but does not include their most recent common ancestor

Clade

evolutionary branch of a cladogram that includes a single ancestor and all its descendants

Cladogram

Diagram that shows the evolutionary relationships among a group of organisms

chronogram

branch length is proportional to time

Phylogram

A phylogenetic tree in which the lengths of the branches reflect the number of genetic changes that have taken place in a particular DNA or RNA sequence in the various lineages

Homology

similarity resulting from common ancestry

Homoplasy

A similar (analogous) structure or molecular sequence that has evolved independently in two species.

convergent evolution

Process by which unrelated organisms independently evolve similarities when adapting to similar environments

polytomy

a branch point from which more than two descendant groups emerge

Cogruence

common branching pattern

Coccus

round

Bascillus

rod shaped

helical

spiral

Lateral Gene Transfer (LGT)

The transfer of genetic material to unrelated organisms

LUCA

Last Universal Common Ancestor. The shared ancestor that multiple organisms diverged from

Microbiome

all of the microorganisms that live in a particular environment, such as a human body

Amoeboid form

wobbly

flagellate form

tail

ciliate form

cilia movement

phase contrast

transforms subtle changes in light waves passing through the specimen into differences in light intensity, best for observing intracellular structures (archea)

plasmodial slime molds

a type of protist that has ameboid cells, flagellated cells, and a plasmodial feeding stage in its life cycle-- looks like net

cellular slime molds

A type of protist that has unicellular amoeboid cells and a multicellular reproductive body in its life cycle-- little bloops

calculate size from microscope (10x)

1.778 mm

calculate size from microscope (40x)

0.55 mm

haplontic life cycle

diplontic life cycle

Alternation of generations life cycle

gametophyte

The stage in the life cycle of a plant in which the plant produces gametes, or sex cells.

sporophyte

Diploid, or spore-producing, phase of an organism

Antheridia

male gametangia

Archegonia

female gametangia

gametangia

A reproductive organ that houses and protects the gametes of a plant

sporangium

spore capsule in which haploid spores are produced by meiosis

sori

clusters of sporangia

Just before Embryophytes

1. waxy cuticle, alt of gen, multicellular gametangia, unbranched sporophyte, multicellular embryo, apical cell w/ 2 of more cutting,

Embryophytes

liverworts, hornworts, moss,

just before tracheophytes

vascular tissue, tracheids, apical meristem, reduced gametophyte, dominate branched sporophyte,

tracheophytes

microphylls, lycopodium and selaginella, s has heterospory

before euphylophytes

chloroplast dna inversion, megaphylls

euphyllophytes

monilophytes: equisetum, psilotum, ferns

before seed plants

integument, ovule, seeds, pollen w pollwn tube, heterospory, bifacial vascualr cambium

Gymnosperms

cycad, gingko, gnetophytes, conifers, gnetophytes have vessel elements, no flowers or fruit in any

before angiosperms

endosperm, double fertilization, carpel, fruit, vessel elements

basal angiosperms

include the flowering plants belonging to the oldest lineages

Monocots

one cotyledon

Eudicots

Member of a clade consisting of the vast majority of flowering plants that have two embryonic seed leaves, or cotyledons.

bryophytes are

non-vascular

liverworts

a nonvascular plant that's shaped like a human liver. found growing as a thick crust on moist rocks or soil along the sides of a stream.

moss

dense carpets leafy gametangia, sporangium once fertilized

hornworts

blue green (cyanobacteria), indeterminate growth,

lycophytes

shift to vascular, so sporophyte dominant, gametophyte lives independently of sporophyte, microphyls, sporangia in strobuli (cones)

monilophytes

chloroplast dna inversion

horsetail

holow upright stems, reduced leaves,

Whisk Ferns (Psilotum)

dichotomous branching, reduced leaves, no roots, epiphytes (grow on other plants)

epiphytes

Photosynthetic plants that grow on other trees rather than supporting themselves

true ferns

sori, microphylls, fiddleheads,

cycads

baby palm trees w cones, dioecious, large compound leaves,

Gingko biloba

heart shaped leaves, fleshy seed coat

gnetophytes

paired, opposite leaves, vessel elements, double fertilization,

conifers

woody, cones,

basal angiosperms

paraphyletic group, like eudicots but w weird flower leaf things

monocot

parallel leaf vein, scattered vascular bundle stems, 1 cotyledon

eudicots

netted leaf veins, ordered vascular bundles, bvc, 2 cotyledons, flower parts in 4 or 5s,

Protostomes vs. Deuterostomes

Protostomes: 1st indentation develops into the mouth, anus develops from 2nd opening

Deuterostomes: 1st indentation becomes the anus, mouth develops from second opening

protostomes

Lophotrochozoa and Ecdysozoa

Arthropods

A group of organisms that have jointed appendages, an exoskeleton, bilateral symmetry, and reproduce sexually; insects, arachnids, millipedes and cenitpedes, and crustaceans

Chordata

notochord, dorsal nerve cord, pharyngeal gill slits, post-anal tail

Echinodermata

radially symmetrical marine invertebrates including e.g. starfish and sea urchins and sea cucumbers, water vascular system, tube feet,

Ecdysozoa

Supergroup of protostomes; characterized by periodic molting of their exoskeleton. Include the nematoda and arthropods.

Annelida

segmented worms, paired setae, segmentation

Mollusca

(snails, clams, squids, octopuses) have a soft body that in many species is protected by a hard shell, mantel, shell, radula

Lophotrochozoa

One of two distinct clades within the protostomes. It includes annelids and mollusks. trochophore larvae, spiral cleavage

Bilateria

bilateral symmetry, triploblastic, complete gut

Ctenophora

Comb jellies; 8 ciliated bands; 2 tentacles; gut with one opening; no body cavity; biradial symmetry

Spicules

small, spike shaped particles of calcium carbonate or silicon dioxide that make up the skeleton of some sponges

porifera

sponges, spicules

metazoa

blastula, multicellularity, collagen

Cephalization

concentration of sense organs and nerve cells at the front of an animal's body