AP psych 2.6 i think

Memory

The storage and retrieval of information over time

Recall

Retrieving information without the original stimulus present

Recognition

Identifying previously learned information when presented again

Forgetting Curve

The pattern showing how information is lost over time when not reviewed (Ebbinghaus)

Relearning

Savings in time or effort when re-studying previously learned material

Encoding

Converting information into a form that can be stored in memory

Storage

Maintaining encoded information over time

Retrieval

Accessing stored information when needed

Nonsense Syllables

Meaningless three-letter combinations (e.g., KEP, DAX) used by Ebbinghaus

Semantic

Related to meaning in language or logic

Phonemic

Related to the sound system of language

Structural

Related to the physical or surface arrangement of information

Maintenance Rehearsal

Repeating information to keep it in short-term memory

Elaborative Rehearsal

Connecting new information to existing knowledge for deeper processing

Deep Processing

Processing information by meaning (leads to better long-term retention)

Shallow Processing

Processing based on appearance or sound rather than meaning

Parallel Processing

Processing multiple types of information simultaneously

Automatic Processing

Unconscious encoding of incidental information (e.g., space, time, frequency)

Intentional

Deliberate, effortful encoding of information

Interference

Learning some information makes it harder to recall other information

Failing

Difficulty retrieving information due to lack of proper cues

Retroactive Interference

New learning interferes with recall of old information

Proactive Interference

Old information interferes with learning/recall of new information

Retrograde Amnesia

Loss of memory for events before the injury/trauma

Anterograde Amnesia

Inability to form new memories after the injury/trauma

Blocking

Temporary inability to retrieve information that is known (tip-of-the-tongue)

Tip-of-the-Tongue

Feeling that a word or name is just out of reach

Repression

Motivated forgetting of painful or traumatic memories (Freud)

Infantile Amnesia

Inability to recall events from early childhood (before ~3-4 years)

Metamemory

Knowledge about one's own memory capabilities and strategies

Prospective

Remembering to perform actions in the future (e.g., appointments)

Retrospective

Remembering past events or previously learned information

Implicit

Memory influence without conscious awareness (non-declarative)

Explicit

Conscious, intentional recollection of facts and events (declarative)

Procedural

Memory for skills and habits (e.g., riding a bike) - usually implicit

Semantic

Memory for facts and general knowledge (explicit)

Episodic

Memory for personally experienced events (explicit)

Self-Reference

Relating information to oneself (improves encoding)

Testing Effect

Improved retention from actively retrieving information during testing

Spacing Effect

Learning is better when study sessions are spaced out over time

Context

Mood Environmental or emotional cues that aid retrieval

Mood

Congruence when current mood matches mood during encoding

Environment

Physical surroundings that serve as retrieval cues

Flashbulb Memory

Vivid, detailed memories of emotionally significant events