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list the 3 categories of radiographic exams
radiographic, fluoroscopic, special procedures
list the 2 types of patient preparations
external, internal
explain the 2 types of patient preparations
external prep
remove clothing, jewelry, body piercings
remove buttons, snaps, zippers
false teeth or removable dental work
wigs, hair pieces, bobby pins
glasses
internal prep
cleansing enemas
powerful laxatives
NPO (nothing by mouth)
clear liquids
steroid prep
list the 3 categories of radiographic contrast media
iodine, barium, air
iodine
solutions that contain this element are placed in organs and blood vessels to provide a contrast between these structures and surrounding tissue. the patient may experience possible adverse reactions (allergy) to this contrast.
barium
this is a preferred contrast for GI studies. patient allergy is almost nonexistent.
air
this is used as a contrast agent primarily in chest radiography. also used with barium or iodine to provide double contrast study
list the five body regions in the radiographic category
skull and headwork, thoracic cavity, extremities, spine, abdomen
explain the body region: skull and headwork
region above neck skull, facial bones, nasal bones, mandible, TMJs, mastoids, orbits, zygomatic arches, and sinuses requires multiple views and can be difficult to position
explain the body region: thoracic cavity
bones and tissues of the chest region chest, ribs, sternum, sternoclavicular joints
explain the body region: extremities
generally divided into upper, lower, shoulder, and pelvis upper - fingers, thumb, hand, wrist, forearm, elbow, humerus, shoulder, clavicle, acromioclavicular joints, scapula lower - toes, foot, heel, ankle, tibia/fibula, knee, patella, femur, hip, pelvis
explain the body region: spine
cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacroiliac joints, sacrum, coccyx
explain the body region: abdomen
many of these studies require contrast and/or fluoroscopy some are done without contrast and fluoroscopy: single view, obstruction series, flat plate, oblique
list the exams in fluoroscopic examination
esophogram, upper GI, enteroclysis
list the exams in special radiographic procedures
arteriogram, arthrogram, hysterosalpinogram, lithotripsy, myelogram, sialgoram, venogram, IVU/IVP, cholangiogram, cystogram
state why a study may be performed for skull/headwork
fracture, locate foreign bodies or any abnormalities rule out mass, trauma, headache
state why a study may be performed for thoracic cavity
fluid in lungs, over-expansion or collapse of lungs, tumors, enlarged heart, heart/lung abnormalities, fracture or separation, pneumonia
state why a study may be performed for extremities
fractures, arthritis, tumor, osteoporosis
state why a study may be performed for spine
severe trauma (collar), arthritis, spinal curvature, muscle spasm, herniated disc
state why a study may be performed for abdomen
masses, calcifications, air in bowel, size/shape/location of organs such as liver, spleen, and kidneys, bowel obstruction, kidney obstruction, renal stone, appendicitis
briefly explain an ivp
intravenous urography or intravenous pyelogram involves water soluble contrast into a vein. a timed series of abdominal radiographs are taken to demonstrate the kidneys, ureters, and bladder
explain the process of a fluoroscopic examination
an imaging technique that uses x-rays to obtain real-time moving images of the interior of an object overhead radiographs are often performed in conjunction with spot films
explain esophogram
patient swallows barium and live images are taken
explain upper GI
patient swallows barium and sometimes air, images taken live so that the stomach and duodenum can be evaluated small bowel follow through may also be included. patient drinks additional barium and radiographs are taken in a timed sequence until entire small bowel is demonstrated (can take several hours)
explain enteroclysis
a tube is inserted down the patient's nose into the small bowel. contrast is injected and small bowel becomes distended complete if patient is unable to drink
explain arteriogram
contrast is injected into the arteries, rapid sequence of imaging (iodine contrast/sterile field)
explain arthrogram
contrast is injected into a joint, eval of structures in and around the joint space
explain hysterosalpinogram
examination of the uterus and fallopian tubes. oil based iodinated contrast is injected and opening of the tubes are evaluated
explain lithotripsy
destroys renal stones by sonic shock waves. patient is placed in tub of water, while technologist locates stones under fluoro (urology/specials)
explain myelogram
images the subarachnoid space of the spinal cord, the spinal fluid is removed and contrast is injected into the patient's neck or back, imaged mostly by MRI
explain sialogram
study of the salivary glands after contrast is injected (r/o salivary stones)
explain venogram
evaluation of veins after contrast is injected
explain cholangiogram
fluoroscopy study of the bile ducts
explain cystogram
aka VCUG (voiding cystourethrogram) study of the urinary bladder with contrast, evaluates urination
state whether contrast is routinely used in each of the 11 procedures in the special procedures category
everything except lithotripsy