intro to rad tech lesson 2 objectives

list the 3 categories of radiographic exams

radiographic, fluoroscopic, special procedures

list the 2 types of patient preparations

external, internal

explain the 2 types of patient preparations

1. external prep

• remove clothing, jewelry, body piercings

• remove buttons, snaps, zippers

• false teeth or removable dental work

• wigs, hair pieces, bobby pins

• glasses

2. internal prep

• cleansing enemas

• powerful laxatives

• NPO (nothing by mouth)

• clear liquids

• steroid prep

list the 3 categories of radiographic contrast media

iodine, barium, air

iodine

solutions that contain this element are placed in organs and blood vessels to provide a contrast between these structures and surrounding tissue. the patient may experience possible adverse reactions (allergy) to this contrast.

barium

this is a preferred contrast for GI studies. patient allergy is almost nonexistent.

air

this is used as a contrast agent primarily in chest radiography. also used with barium or iodine to provide double contrast study

list the five body regions in the radiographic category

skull and headwork, thoracic cavity, extremities, spine, abdomen

explain the body region: skull and headwork

region above neck skull, facial bones, nasal bones, mandible, TMJs, mastoids, orbits, zygomatic arches, and sinuses requires multiple views and can be difficult to position

explain the body region: thoracic cavity

bones and tissues of the chest region chest, ribs, sternum, sternoclavicular joints

explain the body region: extremities

generally divided into upper, lower, shoulder, and pelvis upper - fingers, thumb, hand, wrist, forearm, elbow, humerus, shoulder, clavicle, acromioclavicular joints, scapula lower - toes, foot, heel, ankle, tibia/fibula, knee, patella, femur, hip, pelvis

explain the body region: spine

cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacroiliac joints, sacrum, coccyx

explain the body region: abdomen

many of these studies require contrast and/or fluoroscopy some are done without contrast and fluoroscopy: single view, obstruction series, flat plate, oblique

list the exams in fluoroscopic examination

esophogram, upper GI, enteroclysis

list the exams in special radiographic procedures

arteriogram, arthrogram, hysterosalpinogram, lithotripsy, myelogram, sialgoram, venogram, IVU/IVP, cholangiogram, cystogram

state why a study may be performed for skull/headwork

fracture, locate foreign bodies or any abnormalities rule out mass, trauma, headache

state why a study may be performed for thoracic cavity

fluid in lungs, over-expansion or collapse of lungs, tumors, enlarged heart, heart/lung abnormalities, fracture or separation, pneumonia

state why a study may be performed for extremities

fractures, arthritis, tumor, osteoporosis

state why a study may be performed for spine

severe trauma (collar), arthritis, spinal curvature, muscle spasm, herniated disc

state why a study may be performed for abdomen

masses, calcifications, air in bowel, size/shape/location of organs such as liver, spleen, and kidneys, bowel obstruction, kidney obstruction, renal stone, appendicitis

briefly explain an ivp

intravenous urography or intravenous pyelogram involves water soluble contrast into a vein. a timed series of abdominal radiographs are taken to demonstrate the kidneys, ureters, and bladder

explain the process of a fluoroscopic examination

an imaging technique that uses x-rays to obtain real-time moving images of the interior of an object overhead radiographs are often performed in conjunction with spot films

explain esophogram

patient swallows barium and live images are taken

explain upper GI

patient swallows barium and sometimes air, images taken live so that the stomach and duodenum can be evaluated small bowel follow through may also be included. patient drinks additional barium and radiographs are taken in a timed sequence until entire small bowel is demonstrated (can take several hours)

explain enteroclysis

a tube is inserted down the patient's nose into the small bowel. contrast is injected and small bowel becomes distended complete if patient is unable to drink

explain arteriogram

contrast is injected into the arteries, rapid sequence of imaging (iodine contrast/sterile field)

explain arthrogram

contrast is injected into a joint, eval of structures in and around the joint space

explain hysterosalpinogram

examination of the uterus and fallopian tubes. oil based iodinated contrast is injected and opening of the tubes are evaluated

explain lithotripsy

destroys renal stones by sonic shock waves. patient is placed in tub of water, while technologist locates stones under fluoro (urology/specials)

explain myelogram

images the subarachnoid space of the spinal cord, the spinal fluid is removed and contrast is injected into the patient's neck or back, imaged mostly by MRI

explain sialogram

study of the salivary glands after contrast is injected (r/o salivary stones)

explain venogram

evaluation of veins after contrast is injected

explain cholangiogram

fluoroscopy study of the bile ducts

explain cystogram

aka VCUG (voiding cystourethrogram) study of the urinary bladder with contrast, evaluates urination

state whether contrast is routinely used in each of the 11 procedures in the special procedures category

everything except lithotripsy