[BIGHIS] T8 (SIMPLIFIED REVIEWER)

Social Control

To prevent or stop negative deviance, which is when someone breaks established laws that could be harmful to others. The process by which a group of people regulate themselves based on their values, beliefs, and principles

o Family

o Culture

o Money

o Belief System

o Justice System

The mechanisms of social control in agrarian

civilizations were often shaped by the following

factors: (5)

Social control mechanisms

were developed to

prevent such deviance, ensuring that individuals

conformed to the societal norms necessary for

cooperation and survival.

Examples:

o Punishments for theft

o Laws against violence

o Moral teachings discouraging betrayal

1. Pre-modern

➢ Strong traditional values, limited social mobility,

and a reliance on established hierarchies

➢ Few specialized jobs

2. Modern

➢ Industrial, exclusive

➢ Rapid technological advancements,

individualism, and a belief in progress

➢ Dependent on social structure

➢ High art

➢ Media allows one-way communication

3. Post-modern

➢ Technological, inclusive

➢ A society that questions the very idea of truth and

embraces plurality.

➢ The need for social structure has become

invalid

➢ People respond media, hyper-reality

➢ Pop art

Technological Innovations

• Steam engine

• Electric generators and motors

• Incandescent lamp (light bulb)

• Telegraph and telephone

• Internal-combustion engine and automobile

• Assembly line

• Aircraft

Economic growth

– this revolution led to increased

production and consumption and improved banking

and financial systems.

➢ Economic growth – this revolution led to increased

production and consumption and improved banking

and financial systems.

➢ Population growth – the child and infant mortality

rate decreased and fertility rate increased

➢ Gap between rich and poor – the revolution

created a wide gap between the rich and the poor

➢ Working conditions – were dangerous and

unhygienic, and factory workers often worked 16

hours a day.

➢ Pollution – an increase in the number of factories

and migration to the cities resulted in severe

pollution

Impact of the Industrial Revolution (5)

• Social Changes

• Labor Issues:

o Child labor

o Unhealthy/unsafe working conditions

• Dirty housing conditions

• Gender inequality

• Environmental issues

Consequences of the Industrial Revolution

The Second Industrial Revolution (1870 – 1914)

was another great

leap forward in technology and society. New

innovations in steel production, petroleum and

electricity led to the introduction of public automobiles

and airplanes.

The Third Industrial Revolution (1969)

brought forth the rise of

electronics, telecommunications, and of course

computers; opened the doors to space expeditions,

research, and biotechnology.

The Second Industrial Revolution (1870 – 1914)

➢ While the First Industrial Revolution caused the

growth of industries, such as coal, iron, railroads and

textiles, this era witnessed the expansion of

electricity, petroleum, and steel.

Programmable Logic Controllers (PLCs)

In the world of the industries, two major inventions,

______________ and

Robots helped give rise to an era of high-level

automation.

The Fourth Industrial Revolution

started in the dawn of the third millennium

with the one thing that everyone uses every single

day – the Internet.

➢ Hence, the transition is seen from the first industrial

revolution that is rooted for technological

phenomenon all the way to Industry 4.0 that develops

virtual reality worlds, bending the laws of physics

Anthropocen

the geological epoch that

defines the Earth as heavily “human-manipulated”

➢ We are living in a time many people refer to as the _______.

Humans

have become the single, most influential

species on the planet, causing significant global

warming and other changes to land, environment,

water, organisms, and the atmosphere.

systems, environment, processes,

It is widely accepted that our species has had a

significant impact on Earth and its inhabitants that we

will have a lasting, and potential irreversible, influence

on its (3) and

biodiversity.

The Earth

is 4.5 billion years old, and modern humans

have been around for a mere 200,000 years. Yet in

that time, we have fundamentally altered the

physical, chemical, and biological systems of the

planet on which we and all other organisms depend.

Great Acceleration

➢ In the past 60 years in particular, these human

impacts have unfolded at an unprecedented rate and

scale.

➢ This period is sometimes known as the _____________

➢ Carbon dioxide emissions, global warming, ocean

acidification, habitat destruction, extinction, and

widescale natural resource extraction are all signs

that we have significantly modified our planet.

human activity

It is clear that our climate is no longer stable and is

beginning to warm rapidly. Scientists now agree that

_________, rather than any natural progress, is

the primary cause of accelerated global warming.

Agriculture, urbanization, deforestation, and pollution

have caused extraordinary changes on Earth. Geologists disagree over whether humans will have a

lasting and meaning impact on the chemical

composition of the rock and fossils beneath our feet.

fossil fuel economy

Some people suggest that the Anthropocene began

at the start of Britain’s Industrial Revolution in the

eighteenth century, which created the world's first

____________.

Demand for coal

Burning the organic carbon in fossil fuels enabled

large-scale production and drove the growth of mines,

factories, and mills. Since then, other countries have

followed suit. __________ has increased, along

with carbon dioxide emission, to the detriment of

the environment.

Plastic

could become a key marker of the

Anthropocene. Earth is now awash with plastic –

millions of tons are produced every year. Because

plastic doesn’t biodegrade, it ends up littering soils

and ocean beds.

Anthropocene

To make matters more complicated, the word

________ is used in a variety of cultural and

scientific contexts. Researchers, conservationists,

poets, philosophers, politicians, and activists are all

using it, and often they mean quite different things.

Anthropocene

is sometimes used to simply

describe the time during which humans have had a

substantial impact on our planet. Whether or not we

are in a new geological age, we are part of a complex,

interconnected ecosystem and the evidence of our

impact on it has become clear.

1. Pre-Anthropocene events:

➢ Fire-stick farming

➢ Megafauna extinctions

➢ Early forest clearing

2. Anthropocene Stage 1 (ca. 1800 – 1945)

➢ Internal combustion engine

➢ Fossil fuel energy

➢ Science and technology

Innovation

Process of making changes and introducing new

ways to improve something, or even to create to make

something new.

• Increased exchange network

• Improvement in transportation and communication

• Increased incentives to innovate

Drivers of innovation (3)