chapter 4 : tissue level of organization

Which statement about tissues is correct?

A) Tissues are always in the form of sheets of cells.

B) All the organs of an organ system are composed of a single tissue type.

C) A tissue is composed of a single type of cell.

D) An organ combines several different tissues.

E) Tissues are microscopic, and invisible to the naked eye.

D) An organ combines several different tissues

Where is the tissue level of organization?

A) between cells and organs

B) between organelles and cells

C) between organs and organ systems

D) between atoms and molecules

E) between molecules and organelles

A) between cells and organs

The study of tissues is called

A) cytology.

B) toxicology.

C) microbiology.

D) histology.

E) mycology.

D) histology

Which one of the following is not one of the four main tissue categories?

A) muscle tissue

B) neural tissue

C) osseous tissue

D) connective tissue

E) epithelial tissue

C) osseous tissue

Which of the four basic tissue types form coverings or linings of organs?

A) muscle tissue

B) epithelial tissue

C) protective tissue

D) neural tissue

E) connective tissue

B) epithelial tissue

Neural tissue

A) carries information from one part of the body to another.

B) can contract.

C) fills spaces in the body.

D) stores energy.

E) forms glands.

A) carries information from one part of the body to another

Any substance that enters or leaves your body must cross

A) muscle tissue.

B) connective tissue.

C) secretory tissue.

D) neural tissue.

E) epithelial tissue.

E) epithelial tissue

The tissue that always has an apical and a basal surface is ________ tissue.

A) epithelial

B) connective

C) muscle

D) basal

E) apical

A) epithelial

Characteristics of epithelia include all of the following except

A) attachment.

B) avascularity.

C) regeneration.

D) polarity.

E) extracellular matrix.

E) extracellular matrix

Epithelial cells that line the small intestine transport nutrients into the body. Directional transport is associated with the epithelial tissue property of

A) avascularity.

B) regeneration.

C) cellularity.

D) polarity.

E) attachment.

D) polarity

Epithelial cells that are adapted for absorption usually have ________ at their free surface.

A) mitochondria

B) cilia

C) microvilli

D) junctional complexes

E) Golgi complexes

C) microvilli

Close examination of a healthy organ reveals a lining of several layers of cells. The layers do not contain any blood vessels and one surface of the cells lines the cavity of the organ. This tissue is a type of

A) epithelium.

B) muscle tissue.

C) connective tissue.

D) neural tissue.

E) fat tissue.

A) epithelium

An epithelial cell can be divided into two functional regions. They are the ________ and the basal surface.

A) apical

B) pinnacle

C) topical

D) crest

E) apogeal

A) apical

The junction type that lets neighboring cells exchange small molecules is the

A) desmosome.

B) hemidesmosome.

C) gap junction.

D) tight junction.

E) zonula adherens.

C) gap junction

A type of intercellular junction that stops materials from crossing an epithelium between cells is called a(n)

A) tight junction.

B) gap junction.

C) intermediate junction.

D) desmosome.

E) hemidesmosome.

A) tight junction

Dead skin cells are shed in thin sheets because they are held together by "spots" of proteoglycan reinforced by intermediate filaments. Such strong intercellular connections are called

A) gap junctions.

B) intermediate junctions.

C) tight junctions.

D) desmosomes.

E) junctional complexes.

D) desmosomes

________ are proteins that connect adjacent cells at a gap junction.

A) Bindins

B) Adhesions

C) Connexins

D) Attachons

E) Tieons

C) Connexins

In stratified epithelia adapted to resist mechanical forces, which of the following types of cell-to-cell junctions are especially abundant?

A) tight junctions

B) basolateral junctions

C) gap junctions

D) hemidesmosomes

E) desmosomes

E) desmosomes

Epithelium is connected to underlying connective tissue by

A) keratin.

B) interfacial canals.

C) a basement membrane.

D) a reticular lamina.

E) proteoglycan.

C) basement membrane

Germinative cells

A) start in the superficial layers of epithelial tissue.

B) cannot divide in the deep layers of epithelial tissue.

C) make up most of the epithelial type of tissue.

D) divide continually to produce new epithelial cells.

E) cannot function in the repair of epithelial tissue.

D) divide continually to produce new epithelial cells.

Cells that are flat and thin are classified as

A) columnar.

B) squamous.

C) blasts.

D) transitional.

E) cuboidal.

B) squamous

The two major types of cell layering in epithelia are

A) simple and proper.

B) stratified and pseudostratified.

C) squamous and simple.

D) simple and stratified.

E) cuboidal and columnar.

D) simple and stratified

The epithelium that lines the body cavities is known as

A) perithelium.

B) myothelium.

C) intrathelium.

D) endothelium.

E) mesothelium.

E) mesothelium

The epithelia that line body cavities and blood vessels are classified as

A) simple squamous.

B) stratified squamous.

C) simple cuboidal.

D) stratified cuboidal.

E) transitional.

A) simple squamous

An example of keratinized stratified squamous epithelium would be

A) exposed skin.

B) air sacs of the lungs.

C) the lining of the anus.

D) the outer covering of the intestines.

E) the lining of the oral cavity.

A) exposed skin

The function of simple cuboidal epithelium is

A) support and structure.

B) protection and transport.

C) phagocytosis and immunity.

D) absorption and secretion.

E) storage and retrieval.

D) absorption and secretion

Which tissue lines the small intestine and the stomach?

A) simple squamous epithelium

B) simple cuboidal epithelium

C) simple columnar epithelium

D) pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium E) stratified squamous epithelium

C) simple columnar epithelium

Transitional epithelium is found

A) lining the urinary bladder.

B) lining the ducts that drain sweat glands.

C) lining kidney tubules.

D) lining the stomach.

E) at the surface of the skin.

A) lining the urinary bladder

You would find pseudostratified columnar epithelium lining the

A) trachea.

B) urinary bladder.

C) secretory portions of the pancreas.

D) surface of the skin.

E) stomach.

A) trachea

The Pap test for cervical cancer utilizes

A) histology.

B) physiology.

C) anatomy.

D) embryology.

E) exfoliative cytology.

E) exfoliative cytology

Gland cells produce

A) mesenchyme.

B) antibodies.

C) secretions.

D) phagocytes.

E) fibers.

C) secretions

Glands that secrete hormones into the interstitial fluid are ________ glands.

A) endocrine

B) interstitial

C) exocrine

D) merocrine

E) holocrine

A) endocrine

The pancreas produces ________ secretions that include digestive enzymes and hormones, respectively.

A) serous and sebaceous

B) mucous and acid

C) merocrine and holocrine

D) exocrine and endocrine

E) secretory and absorptive

D) exocrine and endocrine

Unicellular exocrine glands secrete

A) milk.

B) sweat.

C) mucus.

D) sebum.

E) insulin.

C) mucus

A gland formed by cells arranged in a one blind pocket with a single unbranched duct would be called

A) simple tubular.

B) simple branched tubular.

C) compound tubular.

D) compound alveolar.

E) tubuloalveolar.

A) simple tubular

Which of the following glands have a compound rather than a simple structure? A) salivary glands

B) sebaceous glands

C) mucous glands

D) sweat glands

E) gastric glands

A) salivary glands

Glands that secrete their product by the bursting of cells are ________ glands.

A) apocrine

B) sudoriferous

C) holocrine

D) endocrine

E) merocrine

C) holocrine

The process of lactation (milk production) depends on both merocrine and ________ secretion by mammary gland epithelial cells.

A) epicrine

B) eccrine

C) holocrine

D) apocrine

E) endocrine

D) apocrine

Glands whose secretions contain mucins are classified as

A) serous glands.

B) compound glands.

C) mucous glands.

D) mixed glands.

E) endocrine glands.

C) mucous glands

Epithelial tissue is always attached to which other major tissue type?

A) neural tissue

B) membrane tissue

C) fascial tissue

D) muscle tissue

E) connective tissue

E) connective tissue

The combination of fibers and ground substance in supporting connective tissues is known as

A) collagen.

B) cartilage.

C) chondroitin.

D) matrix.

E) scaffold.

D) matrix

The three categories of connective tissues are

A) connective tissue proper, fluid connective tissue, and supporting connective tissue.

B) epithelial connective tissue, muscle connective tissue, and neural connective tissue.

C) glandular connective tissue, exocrine connective tissue, and endocrine connective tissue.

D) connective tissue proper, cartilage connective tissue, and bone connective tissue.

E) areolar connective tissue, adipose connective tissue, and dense connective tissue.

A) connective tissue proper, fluid connective tissue, and supporting connective tissue.

Which tissue is correctly paired with its category of connective tissue?

A) bone—connective tissue proper

B) fat—supporting connective tissue

C) lymph—fluid connective tissue

D) cartilage—fluid connective tissue

E) tendon—supporting connective tissue

C) lymph—fluid connective tissue

Which of the following tissues are classified as "connective tissue proper"?

1. areolar connective tissue

2. adipose tissue

3. fibrocartilage

4. dense irregular connective tissue

A) 3 and 4

B) 1, 2, and 3

C) 1 and 2

D) 1, 2, and 4

E) 1 and 3

D) 1, 2, and 4

Blood is which type of tissue?

A) mesenchyme

B) nerve

C) epithelial

D) muscle

E) connective

E) connective

Which of the following connective tissue cells produces collagen?

A) adipocytes

B) fibroblasts

C) macrophages

D) mast cells

E) lymphocytes

B) fibroblasts

Cells that store fat are called

A) fibrocytes.

B) macrocytes.

C) adipocytes.

D) podocytes.

E) melanocytes.

C) adipocytes

Cells that respond to injury by dividing to assist in connective tissue repair are

A) mast cells.

B) fibroblasts.

C) plasmocytes.

D) mesenchymal cells.

E) lymphocytes.

D) mesenchymal cells.

Cells that engulf bacteria or cell debris within loose connective tissue are

A) fibroblasts.

B) macrophages.

C) adipocytes.

D) mast cells.

E) melanocytes.

B) macrophages

In areolar connective tissue, ________ cells release histamine to stimulate inflammation.

A) plasma

B) mast

C) mesenchymal

D) gland

E) goblet

B) mast

Antibodies are produced by

A) macrophages.

B) microphages.

C) plasma cells.

D) mast cells.

E) fibroblasts.

C) plasma cells

Two types of microphages include

A) mesenchymal cells and melanocytes.

B) mast cells and basophils.

C) fixed macrophages and free macrophages.

D) neutrophils and eosinophils.

E) microphages and adipocytes.

D) neutrophils and eosinophils

The three types of protein fibers in connective tissue are

A) tendons, ligaments, and elastic ligaments.

B) loose, dense, and irregular.

C) cartilage, bone, and collagen.

D) collagen, reticular, and elastic.

E) polar, cellular, and permeable.

D) collagen, reticular, and elastic

The viscous component of connective tissue matrix is called

A) basal layer.

B) ground substance.

C) collagen.

D) lymph.

E) plasma.

B) ground substance

Loose connective tissue functions in all of the following ways except

A) providing strong connections between muscles and bones.

B) supporting epithelia.

C) anchoring blood vessels and nerves.

D) cushioning and stabilizing.

E) filling spaces between organs.

A) providing strong connections between muscles and bones

Wharton's jelly is a form of

A) Marfan's syndrome.

B) mucous connective tissue.

C) ground substance.

D) collagen fiber.

E) embryonic epithelium.

B) mucous connective tissue

The color distinction between white fat and brown fat exists because brown fat

A) includes active melanocytes.

B) is more superficial.

C) traps pollutants.

D) is highly vascular.

E) is more mature.

D) is highly vascular

If an obese person loses weight, a factor that increases the risk of regaining the weight is

A) weight loss causes the metabolic rate to slow.

B) during weight loss, calories are only temporarily displaced from fat to other tissues.

C) brown fat can become white fat if dietary intake increases again.

D) the adipose cells do not die but merely shrink, so they can easily store lipid again. E) the body feels unfamiliar after weight loss.

D) the adipose cells do not die but merely shrink, so they can easily store lipid again

The internal framework or stroma of organs such as the spleen, liver, and lymph nodes is made up of ________ tissue.

A) loose connective

B) regular dense connective

C) irregular dense connective

D) reticular tissue

E) adipose

D) reticular tissue

A tissue that provides strength and support for areas subjected to stresses from many directions is

A) any connective tissue proper.

B) elastic or hyaline cartilage.

C) dense irregular connective tissue.

D) reticular connective tissue.

E) dense regular connective tissue.

C) dense irregular connective tissue

The dominant type of extracellular protein fiber in dense connective tissue is

A) collagen.

B) elastin.

C) actin.

D) myosin.

E) connectin.

A) collagen

Each of the following is an example of dense connective tissue except

A) tendons.

B) ligaments.

C) aponeuroses.

D) areolar tissue.

E) elastic tissue.

D) areolar tissue

Which kind of connective tissue has collagen fibers aligned parallel to each other?

A) adipose tissue

B) areolar tissue

C) superficial fascia

D) dense regular connective tissue

E) dense irregular connective tissue

D) dense regular connective tissue

Microscopic examination of a tissue reveals a loose framework of fibers embedded in a large volume of fluid ground substance, with a wide variety of cell types. This tissue would most likely have come from the

A) inner wall of a blood vessel.

B) lungs.

C) spleen.

D) superficial fascia between skin and muscle.

E) bony socket of the eye.

D) superficial fascia between skin and muscle

The framework of connective tissue between the skin and underlying muscles is called the

A) dermis.

B) superficial fascia.

C) deep fascia.

D) cutaneous layer.

E) subserous fascia.

B) superficial fascia

Which of the following refers to the dense connective tissue that surrounds a muscle and blends with the tendon?

A) superficial fascia

B) hypodermis

C) deep fascia

D) subserous fascia

E) subcutaneous layer

C) deep fascia

The watery fluid component of blood is called

A) hemosol.

B) liquid elements.

C) formed elements.

D) hemoplasm.

E) plasma.

E) plasma

The three kinds of formed elements in blood are erythrocytes, leukocytes, and A) lymphocytes.

B) platelets.

C) phagocytes.

D) plasma cells.

E) mast cells.

B) platelets

What type of cell makes up almost half the volume of blood?

A) erythrocyte

B) leukocyte

C) platelet

D) monocyte

E) phagocyte

A) erythrocyte

Lymphocytes can develop into cells that secrete defense proteins against disease. These cells are termed ________, while these proteins are called antibodies.

A) T cells

B) B cells

C) plasma cells

D) immunocytes

E) phagocytes

C) plasma cells

Defense cells in blood are called white blood cells or

A) leukocytes.

B) lymphocytes.

C) erythrocytes.

D) thrombocytes.

E) immunocytes.

A) leukocytes

The three major subdivisions of extracellular fluid found in the body are plasma, interstitial fluid, and

A) synovial fluid.

B) urine.

C) sweat.

D) lymph.

E) serous fluid.

D) lymph

Which blood vessels have porous walls that allow water and small solutes to seep through?

A) veins

B) arterioles

C) venules

D) arteries

E) capillaries

E) capillaries

Interstitial fluid that enters a lymphatic vessel is called

A) plasma.

B) lymph.

C) blood.

D) humoral fluid.

E) plasmin fluid.

B) lymph

How can cartilage maintain its function even though it is avascular?

A) Cartilage is only the thickness of a few cell layers.

B) Nutrients and waste products diffuse through the cartilage's matrix.

C) Cartilage has extensive blood vessels.

D) Cartilage does not contain living cells.

E) The perichondrium prevents any exchange of nutrients and waste products.

B) Nutrients and waste products diffuse through the cartilage's matrix

Chondroitin sulfate is abundant in the matrix of

A) epithelial tissue.

B) cartilage.

C) areolar tissue.

D) elastic connective tissue.

E) adipose tissue.

B) cartilage

A tissue with a firm gel matrix and cells inside lacunae is

A) areolar connective tissue.

B) cartilage.

C) bone.

D) epithelium.

E) dense regular connective tissue.

B) cartilage

Antiangiogenesis factor is a chemical produced by ________ that blocks the growth of blood vessels.

A) leukocytes

B) lymphocytes

C) chondrocytes

D) erythrocytes

E) mesenchymal cells

C) chondrocytes

Cartilage is separated from surrounding tissues by a fibrous

A) perichondrium.

B) ground substance.

C) periosteum.

D) chondroplasm.

E) matrix.

A) perichondrium

The most common type of cartilage is ________ cartilage.

A) ligamentous

B) hyaline

C) elastic

D) fibrous

E) osseous

B) hyaline

Which type of connective tissue is found in the trachea and between the ribs and sternum?

A) areolar connective tissue

B) hyaline cartilage

C) elastic cartilage

D) fibrous cartilage

E) dense regular connective tissue

B) hyaline cartilage

The auricle, or outer ear, contains

A) muscle.

B) hyaline cartilage.

C) bone.

D) fibrous cartilage.

E) elastic cartilage.

E) elastic cartilage

A herniated disc is an injury of the pads of cartilage between the vertebrae in which the cartilage bulges from normal position. What type of cartilage is affected?

A) mesenchymal

B) fibrous

C) elastic

D) hyaline

E) articular

B) fibrous

Growth of cartilage by accumulation of new matrix around chondrocytes that are embedded in existing matrix is called ________ growth.

A) appositional

B) intrasitional

C) transitional

D) transformational

E) interstitial

E) interstitial

In ________ growth, cartilage grows wider or thicker in diameter.

A) appositional

B) intrasitional

C) transitional

D) transformational

E) interstitial

A) appositional

Osseous tissue is also called

A) cartilage.

B) fat.

C) cellulite.

D) bone.

E) ligament.

D) bone

Chondrocytes are to cartilage as osteocytes are to

A) blood.

B) epithelium.

C) fat.

D) bone.

E) neural tissue.

D) bone

Unlike cartilage, bone

A) is a connective tissue.

B) has a matrix that contains collagen.

C) undergoes remodeling throughout life. D) has an outer covering.

E) has cells within lacunae.

C) undergoes remodeling throughout life

Tendons and ligaments attach to the ________ of bone.

A) osteocytes

B) lacunae

C) periosteum

D) calcium phosphate

E) central canals

C) periosteum

Epithelia and connective tissues combine to form ________ that cover and protect other structures and tissues in the body.

A) fasciae

B) aponeuroses

C) organ capsules

D) cutaneous layers

E) tissue membranes

E) tissue membranes

The loose connective tissue component of a mucous membrane is called the

A) lamina densa.

B) basal lamina.

C) areolar lamina.

D) lamina propria.

E) mucina lamina.

D) lamina propria

Tissue membranes combine

A) muscle and connective tissue.

B) neural and epithelial tissue.

C) epithelial and connective tissue.

D) neural and muscle tissue.

E) epithelial and muscle tissue.

C) epithelial and connective tissue

Which of the following membranes line cavities that communicate with the exterior of the body?

A) mucous

B) serous

C) cutaneous

D) synovial

E) pleural

A) mucous

Which of the following membranes covers the surface of visceral organs?

A) synovial

B) plasma

C) serous

D) cutaneous

E) mucous

C) serous

The reduction of friction between the parietal and visceral surfaces of an internal cavity is the function of

A) cutaneous membranes.

B) mucous membranes.

C) serous membranes.

D) synovial membranes.

E) the lamina propria.

C) serous membranes

The serous membrane lining the abdominal cavity is the

A) pleura.

B) peritoneum.

C) pericardium.

D) periosteum.

E) perichondrium.

B) peritoneum

The term transudate describes fluid associated with

A) mucus membranes.

B) mammary glands.

C) cutaneous membranes.

D) serous membranes.

E) endocrine glands.

D) serous membranes

Which type of tissue membrane is characteristically dry?

A) synovial

B) cutaneous

C) serous

D) mucous

E) pleural

B) cutaneous

The fluid that lubricates movable joints is produced by

A) mucous membrane.

B) cutaneous membrane.

C) synovial membrane.

D) serous membrane.

E) plasma membrane.

C) synovial membrane

Tissue that is specialized for contraction is ________ tissue.

A) loose connective

B) dense connective

C) epithelial

D) nerve

E) muscle

E) muscle