C 1.2 Cellular Respiration

energy

the capacity to cause change or perform work

kinetic energy

the energy of motion

thermal energy

a type of kinetic energy associated with the random movement of atoms or molecules

heat

thermal energy transfer from one object to another

potential energy

energy that matter possesses as a result of its location or structure

chemical energy

the potential energy available for release in a chemical reaction

first law of thermodynamics

◦energy can be transferred and transformed but it cannot be created or destroyed

thermodynamics

the study of energy transformations that occur in a collection of matter

second law of thermodynamics

◦energy transformations increase entropy (disorder) of the universe

entropy

a measure of disorder or randomness

exergonic reaction

◦A chemical reaction that releases energy

endergonic reaction

◦A chemical reaction that requires a net input of energy and yield products that are rich in potential energy

kilocalorie

◦the amount of heat needed to raise the temperature of 1 kilogram of water by 1 degree Celsius

adenosine triphosphate

◦Chemical compound used by living things to store energy

◦Basic source of energy for all types of cells

phosphorylation

the transfer of a phosphate group to a molecule

cellular respiration

◦The process in which oxygen is consumed as sugar is broken down to carbon dioxide and water and ATP is created.

anaerobic

Process that does not require oxygen

aerobic

Process that requires oxygen

oxygen debt

the demand for oxygen that builds up during a period of anaerobic respiration

oxidation

the loss of electrons from one substance

reduction

the addition of electrons to another substance

electron carrier

a compound that can accept a pair of high-energy electrons and transfer them to another molecule

glycolysis

process by which one molecule of glucose is broken in half producing 2 molecules of pyruvic acid, a 3-carbon compound

substrate level phosphorylation

an enzyme transfers a phosphate group directly to ADP forming ATP

pyruvate oxidation

Produces molecules that can enter the citric acid cycle

Krebs cycle

Produces CO2, ATP and high energy electrons (carried by NADH and FADH2)

electron transport chain

◦A series of molecules in a membrane that transfers electrons from one molecule to another

chemiosmosis

◦An energy coupling mechanism that uses the energy of hydrogen ion gradients across membranes to drive cellular work

ATP synthase

enzyme complex embedded in inner mitochondrial membrane

oxidative phosphorylation

The production of ATP using energy derived from the redox reactions of an electron transport chain; the third major stage of cellular respiration.

fermentation

Process by which cells release energy in the absence of oxygen

alcoholic fermentation

the anaerobic process by which yeasts and other microorganisms break down sugars to form carbon dioxide and ethanol

lactic acid fermentation

the chemical breakdown of carbohydrates that produces lactic acid as the main end product

adensoine diphosphate

a nucleotide made of adensoine and two phosphate groups

redox reaction

linked reaction where one substance loses an electron while another gains an electron

coenzyme

substance that works with an enzyme to aid the function of an enzyme

link reaction

the reactions that connect glycolysis to the reactions of the Krebs cycle by producing acetyl CoA from pyruvate