Ap World History, Chapter 17 Terminology

Italian Renaissance

Italian Renaissance

Cultural and Political movement in Western Europe; began in Italy c. 1400; rested on urban vitality and expanding commerce; featured a literature and art with distinctly more secular prorates than those of the Middle Ages

Niccolo Machiavelli

Author of the Prince (16th century); emphasized realistic discussions of how to seize and maintain power; one of most influential authors of Italian renaissance

Humanism

Focus on humankind as center of intellectual and artistic endeavor; method of study that emphasized the superiority of classical forms over medieval styles, in particular the study of ancient languages

Northern renaissance

Cultural and intellectual movement of northern Europe; began later than Italian Renaissance c. 1450; centered in France, Low Countries , England, and Germany; featured greater emphasis on religion than Italian Renaissance

Francis I

King of France in the 16th century; regarded as Renaissance monarch; patron of arts; imposed new controls on Catholic church; ally of Ottoman sultan against Holy roman emperor

Johannes Gutenberg

Introduced movable type to western Europe in 15th century; credited with greatly expanded availability of printed books and pamphlets

European Style Family

Originated in the 15th century among peasants and artisans of western Europe, featuring late marriage age, emphasis on the nuclear family, and a large minority who never married

Martin Luther

German monk; initiated Protestant reformation in 1517 by nailing 95 theses to door of Wittenberg church; emphasized primary of faith over works stressed in Catholic church; accepted state control of church

Protestantism

General wave of religious dissent against Catholic church; generally held to have begun with Martin Luther's attack on Catholic beliefs in 1517; included many varietes of religious belief

Anglican Church

Form of Protestantism set up in England after 1534; established by Henry VIII with himself as head, at least in part to obtain a divorce from his first wife; became increasingly Protestant following Henry's death

Jean Calvin

French Protestant (16th century) who stressed doctrine of predestination; established center of his group at Swiss canton of Geneva; encouraged ideas of wider access to government, wider public education; Calvinism spread from Switzerland to northern Europe and North America

Catholic Reformation

Restatement of traditional Catholic beliefs in response to Protestant Reformation (16th century); established councils that revived Catholic doctrine and refuted Protestant beliefs.

Jesuits

A new religiousorder founded during the Catholic Reformation; active in politics, education, and missionary work; sponsored missions to South America, North America, and Asia

Edict of Nantes

Grant of tolerance to Protestants in France in 1598; granted only after lengthy civil war between Catholic and Protestant factions

Thirty Years War

War within the Holy Roman Empire between German Protestants and their allies (Sweden, Denmark, France) and the emperor and his ally, Spain; ended in 1648 after great destruction with Treaty of Westphalia

Treaty of Westphalia

Ended Thirty Years' War in 1648; granted right to individual rulers within the Holy Roman Empire to choose their own religion-either Protestant or Catholic

English Civil War

Conflict from 1640 to 1660; featured religious disputes mixed with constitutional issues concerning the powers of the monarchy; ended with restoration of the monarchy in 1660 following execution of previous king

Proletariat

Class of working people without access to producing property; typically manufacturing workers, paid laborers in agricultural economy, or urban poor; in Europe, product of economic changes of 16th and 17th centuries

Witchcraft Hysteria

Reflected resentment against poor, uncertanties about religious truth; resulted in death of over 100,000 Europeans between 1590 and 1650; particularly common in Protestant areas

Scientific Revolution

Culminated in the 17th century; period of empirical advances associated with the development of wider theoretical generalizations; resulted in change in traditional beliefs of Middle Ages

Copernicus

Polish monk and astronomer (16th century); disproved Hellenistic belief that the earth was at the center of the universe

Johannes Kepler

A German astronomer from 1571-1630 who formulated three laws of how the planets revolve around the sun

Galileo

Published Copernicus's findings (17th century); added own discoveries concerning laws of gravity and planetary motion; condemned by the Catholic church for his work

John Harvey

English physician (17th century) who demonstrated circular movement of blood in animals, function of heart as pump.

Rene Descartes

Established importance of skeptical review of all received wisdom (17th century); argued that human reason could then develop laws that would explain the fundamental workings of nature

Isaac Newton

English scientist; author of Principia; drew together astronomical and physical observationsand widertheories into a neat framework of natural laws; established principles of motion; defined forces of gravity

Deism

Concept of God current during the Scientific Revolution; role of divinity was to set natural laws in motion, not to regulate once process was begun

John Locke

English philosopher during 17th century; argued that people could learn everything through senses and reason; and that power of government came from the people, not divine right of kings; offered possibility of revolution to overthrow tyrants

Absolute Monarchy

Concept of government developed during rise of nation-states in western Europe during the 17th century; featured monarchs who passed laws without parliaments, appointed professionalized armies and bureaucracies, established state churches, imposed state economic policies

Louis XIV

( 1638- 1715) French monarch of the late 17th century who personified absolute monarchy

Mercantilism

Economic theory that stressed governments' promotion of limitation of imports from other nations and internal economics in order to improve tax revenues; popular during 17th and 18th centuries in Europe

Glorious Revolution

English overthrow of James II in 1688; resulted in affirmation of parliament as having basic sovereignty over the king

Frederick the Great

Prussian king of 18th century, attempted to introduce Enlightenment reforms to Germany, built on bureaucratic foundations of his predecessors, introduced freedom of religion, increased state control of the economy

Enlightenment

Intellectual movement centered in France during the 18th century; featured scientific advance, application of scientific methods to study of human society; belief that rational laws could describe social behavior

Adam Smith

Established liberal economics (Wealth of Nations, 1776); argued that government should avoid regulation of economy in favor of the operation of market forces

Mary Wollstonecraft

Enlightenment feminist thinker in England; argued that new political rights should extend to women

Indulgences

Selling of forgiveness by the Catholic Church. It was common practice when the church needed to raise money. The practice led to the Reformation

Predestination

Primary idea behind Calvinism; states that salvation or damnation are foreordained and unalterable; first put forth by John Calvin in 1531; was the core belief of the Puritans who settled New England in the seventeenth century.

Parliamentary Democracy

Originated in England and Holland, 17th century, with kings partially checked by significant legislative powers in parliaments