Innovations of the 20th Century Specifics
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comically large hammer first use
What was special about Mahler 6?
Late-romantic, use of triple-stopping (1 bar before fig.11), bells up for dramaticism (fig.11)
What was special about Tristan und Isolde?
shifting tonal centres, use of leitmotifs
Shostakovich 7 date
1942
Shostakovich 7
invasion theme snare
fig.19
Shostakovich 7
invasion theme melody repeats 12 times
b.23-45
What was special about Shostakovich 7?
modified sonata form of first movement is disrupted by invasion theme, and later nazi theme on 12th repetition
3\.4 based on…
What was special about Berg Wozzeck?
mixture of serialism and atonality, use of structures like prelude and fugue (2.2) and passacaglia (1.4)
Steve Reich Different Trains
date
1988
… used in rhythm
mimicking train whistles
violins mimicking speech song
each section repeats … times
halls holding…
variation of…
counting starts…
… bars that can be repeated at will
Reich’s name for elongating vocal parts
Steve Reich WTC 9/11
Use of ____
Jewish Psalms in Movement 3
John Adams The Chairman Dances
polyphonic chaos
b.28
Lois V Vierk “Yeah, Yeah, Yeah”
use of cluster chords
b.30
Ravel ‘Tombeau de Couperin’
date
1914-1919
Ravel ‘Tombeau de Couperin’
example of non-function harmony
b.14-15 Dmaj7, C#7, F#7, Bb7b5, E7b5
Ravel ‘Tombeau de Couperin’
Baroque features
clear structures, dance suite, ornamentation happens on beat, hemiolas
Ravel ‘Daphnis et Chloé’
date
1912
Ravel ‘Daphnis et Chloé’
experimentation with sonority
note flourishes (flute/clarinet), con sordini (with mutes), use of two harps
Ravel ‘Boléro’
date
1928
Ravel ‘Boléro’
overtones
horn playing melody in C major, celesta playing 2 and 3 octaves above, two piccolos play melody in G and E major, reinforcing overtone series
Ravel ‘Rapsodie Espagnole’
date
1907
Ravel ‘Rapsodie Espagnole’
use of ____ motif throughout 1st and 2nd movements
tetrachord
Debussy ‘Sarabande’
date
1894
Debussy ‘Sarabande’
modality
b.1-8 C# aeolian
Debussy ‘Sarabande’
quartal harmony
b.23
Debussy ‘Sarabande’
chromatic melody
b.25
Debussy ‘Sarabande’
maj13 chord
b.31
Debussy ‘Sarabande’
D9 chord
b.11
Debussy ‘Sarabande’
neoclassicism Renaissance
fourths and fifths, modality, chordal homophony, bare octaves (b.5), parallelism, hemiola (b.67-68)
Debussy ‘Sarabande’
neoclassicism Baroque
Sarabande, ternary structure, repetitive rhythmic patterns, clear textures
Features of Gamelan
Heterophony, cyclical structure, slow harmonic pace, ostinato patterns, countermelodies, no emphasis on downbeat
Name of scale used in Gamelan
slendro
Name of Gamelan melody
Balungan
Name of Gamelan countermelody
Bonang
Debussy ‘Estampes’
date
1903
Debussy ‘Estampes: Pagodes’
Debussy uses ___ scale to imitate Javanese slendro scale
pentatonic
Debussy ‘Estampes: Pagodes’
Texture similar to Gamelan
Balungan is lower and slower, Bonang is higher and faster, shown in b.11 with 3 different layers of sound at different speeds and pitches
Debussy ‘Estampes: La Soirée Dans Grenade’
rhythm used
Habanera b.5
Debussy ‘Estampes: La Soirée Dans Grenade’
ornamentation mimicking flamenco
acciaccaturas, spread chords b.15-18
Debussy ‘Estampes: La Soirée Dans Grenade’
interval used in flamenco
aug2 b.9
Debussy ‘Estampes: La Soirée Dans Grenade’
fluid rhythm
expressif (et lointain) b.7
Paris Exhibition/Exposition/World Fair
date
1889
Stravinsky ‘Rite of Spring’
date
1913
Stravinsky ‘Rite of Spring’
note that starts the bassoon solo
C5
Stravinsky ‘Rite of Spring’
Augurs chord
Eb7 and Fb major heard at the same time
Stravinsky ‘Rite of Spring’
metre rapidly changes multiple times
fig.43
Stravinsky ‘Rite of Spring’
Ritual of Abduction
9/8 in everything except timpani in 3/4, horns play C major, trumpets play Eb7
Prokofiev ‘Classical Symphony’
date
1917
Prokofiev ‘Classical Symphony’
tonic pedal note
gavotta fig.43
Prokofiev ‘Classical Symphony’
replication of alberti bass
gavotta fig.50 in flute and oboe
Prokofiev ‘Classical Symphony’
perfect cadence
gavotta b.13-14
Stravinsky ‘Pulcinella Suite’
date
1922
Neoclassicism was a reaction against…
excessive Romanticism
Stravinsky ‘Pulcinella Suite’
gavotta is based on…
Carlo Monza Suite in D major (movement 4)
Stravinsky ‘Pulcinella Suite’
virtuosic bassoon writing
b.15-17 begins on top A, glissandi
Messiaen ‘Quartet for the End of Time’
date
1941
Messiaen ‘Quartet for the End of Time’
inspired by…
Revelation 10
Messiaen ‘Quartet for the End of Time’
example of indian rhythm used
ra(triangle)gavardhana retrograde and augmented
Messiaen ‘Quartet for the End of Time’
use of modes of limited transposition
Liturgie de Cristal: RH uses 3rd mode, cello uses 1st mode
Messiaen ‘Quartet for the End of Time’
liturgie de cristal piano and cello
overall isorhythmic cycle would take over 2 hours to realign, the movement is left incomplete, showing the music continues even if the listener doesn’t experience it
Harry Partch piece
Seventeen Lyrics of Li Po for the Adapted viola has no rhythmic notation, performer should follow natural rhythms of poem
Harry Partch theories of microtonality
otonality and utonality, calculated through tonality diamonds
John Cage ‘Story’ from ‘Living Room Music’
date
1940
John Cage ‘Story’ from ‘Living Room Music’
fragmentation
b.2 voice 2
John Cage ‘Three dances for 2 prepared pianos’
date
1944
example of aleatoric music
grace by Jordan Nobles
John Cage ‘Three dances for 2 prepared pianos’
non-traditional accidental notation
b.27
John Cage ‘Three dances for 2 prepared pianos’
motifs
b.211
John Cage 4’33’’
date
1952
Ligeti ‘Etudes’
date
1985
Ligeti ‘Etudes’
inspiration
Mandelbrot’s 1983 book ‘The Fractal Geometry of Nature’
Ligeti ‘Etudes’
Désordre RH
melody is repeated 14 times, each time a step higher, only white notes are used
Ligeti ‘Etudes’
Désordre LH
longer melody, descends every time it’s repeated, black notes only
Ligeti ‘Etudes’
musical inspirations
Gamelan, Bill Evans, Balkan Folk Music
Reich ‘Electric Counterpoint’
date
1987
Saariaho ‘Petals’
date
1988
Saariaho ‘Petals’
conjunct microtonal movement
stave 4
Saariaho ‘Petals’
extended technique creating noise
stave 2, add bow pressure to produce a scratching sound, pitch is obscured by noise
Note 
Flashcards (63)