social

constitutional monarchy

• A democracy or republic with a King or Queen as the figurehead.

Communism

• Property and wealth should be shared, but the state controls all property as well as means of production.

Socialism

A political and economic system where the means of production are owned or regulated by the community as a whole, aiming for equal distribution of wealth.

nation

A large group of people united by common descent, history, culture, or language, often occupying a particular territory.

Self Determination

The principle that a group of people has the right to determine their own political status and pursue their own economic, social, and cultural development.

Sovereignty:

• Political authority over yourself

ways people feel connect to their country/land

cultural, relationship with the land, ethnic, linguistic, religion, geographical , spiritual and political

civic nationalism

is when different groups are brought under a law that emphasizes shared citizenship and common values, regardless of ethnicity or culture.

ethnic naotionalism is

a form of nationalism where a shared ethnicity defines the nation, often emphasizing cultural heritage, language, and common ancestry.

Confederation (BNA Act)

a legislative union of Canadian provinces established by the British North America Act of 1867, creating a federal system of government.

Wanda becoming a country

Canada did not have the legal standing to change its constitution until the Constitution act of 1982

 MAPL

MUSIC, ARTIST, PRODUCER, LYRICS must be Canadian, radio must play 35% MAPL content

responsible government

a responsible government is a system where the government must answer to the people through elected representatives.

Britain merged upper(English) and lower(French) canada into one province.

• Upper Canada (Ontario) became Canada West 

• Lower Canada became Canada East

• One legislative assembly – equal representatives from Canada West and Canada East.

• Issues: 

  • only English was spoken in assembly

  • Canada West had a larger population

• LaFontaine (Canada East) and Baldwin (Canada West) wanted responsible government

•  a government that is responsible or accountable to the people who elect it

• By 1848 – success! Canada has responsible government 

The Fathers of Confederation

• The Fathers of Confederation refers to the thirty-six British men who met at several conferences that led to the confederation of Canada.

  The Charlottetown Conference and the Quebec Conference were held in 1864.

Confederation:

 the 1867 unification of present-day Ontario, Quebec, New Brunswick, and Nova Scotia into one country—Canada

BNA act

• created Canada:

  • Two levels of representative and responsible government

  • Federal – national affairs

  • Four Provinces would manage their own affairs

  • Ensure Quebec could affirm and promote their language and culture

country from sea to sea

• John A. Macdonald – dream of a country sea to sea

  • 1871 BC joins

  • Promise of the Canadian Pacific Railway

• Negotiations with First Nations for land – became government property 

populating the west

they believed America would take over so they decided to bring Communities of Poles, Germans, Ukrainians, Finns, Norwegians

The Royal Proclamation of 176

• The Royal Proclamation established the basis for governing the North American territories surrendered by France to Britain in the Treaty of Paris, 1763, following the Seven Years’ War.

• It introduced policies meant to assimilate the French population to British rule. These policies ultimately failed and were replaced by the Quebec Act of 1774.

• The Royal Proclamation also set the constitutional structure for the negotiation of treaties with the Indigenous inhabitants of large sections of Canada.

• A non-nationalist loyalty

• is a dedication or commitment to some other part of your identity or way of life that is not connected to the nation.

Nationalist loyalty

• is a dedication or commitment to one’s nation.

Contending loyalties

loyalties that clash

Western alienation

• is the feeling that the western region of Canada is often left out by the rest of Canada.

• Some Albertans feel loyalty to the West, and to Alberta and the promotion of economic interests that deal with oil and gas.

Equalization Payments

The federal government receives money from taxes it collects from Canadians and businesses. It distributes this money to provinces who are in need.

multiculturalism in canada

• In 1971, Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau introduced multiculturalism as an official government policy.

Reasonable accommodation

• is the process of changing laws or policies in a nation to incorporate cultural inclusion and diversity.

Maurice Duplessis

leader that promoted Quebec nationalism leader of the Union Nationale party,

The Indian Act

The Indian Act is a collection of hundreds of laws that dictate what First Nations people can and can’t do

The Numbered Treaties

eleven treaties The British believed that the agreements were for the First Nations people to cede their land to the Canadian government.

• The First Nations believed that the agreements were to share the land with Canada.

oka criss

• First Nations land rights were brought to the public consciousness in 1990. 

• The town of Oka was proposing to expand a nine-hole golf course that was already on Mohawk land even further onto the traditional territory of the Kanesatake Mohawk people.

Royal Commision on Aboriginal Peoples 

• This commission was tasked with setting a policy direction for how the government of Canada could reconcile for the injustices faced by Indigenous Peoples in Canada. 

1969 White Paper

traedu’s dad promised to make indigenous equal by by eliminating the Indian Act,

this was never passed as many saw the it as affirming that the First Nations were a distinct group of people.

Métis Scrip

• Métis people accepted scrip and agreed to leave their traditional territory in exchange for money or a piece of land somewhere else.

• These scrip agreements were ignored and not honoured by the Canadian government.

The “Quiet Revolution”

The Quebec Liberal Party, led by Jean Lesage (pictured here) defeats the Union Nationale in provincial elections

brought change and equal pay

Modernize education, health care and other public services

(FLQ)

The Front de Liberation du Quebec (FLQ) was a radical separatist they bombed Montreal Stock Exchange, injuring 27 people. Later that year, they bombed the home of the Mayor of Montreal

Bill 101

Bill 101, also known as the Charter of the French

Language, was introduced by the Parti Quebecois

❏ French made the only official language of Quebec

1980 Quebec Referendum

In 1980, PQ held a referendum in Quebec on the issue of

independence

John Locke

• Considered the Father of Liberalism.

• “All mankind... being all equal and independent, no one ought to harm another in his life, health, liberty or possessions.”

Thomas Hobbes

“No arts; no letters; no society; and which is worst of all, continual fear, and danger of violent death; and the life of man, solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, and short.”

People are inherently evil (shared by religious views at the time)

Jean-Jacques Rousseau

Advocate of democracy and representative government but more specifically- Direct Democracy!

social construct

Voltaire

• Advocate of individual liberty.
• Truly believed in freedom of speech and more importantly tolerance and freedoms of religion.

Montesquieu

Separation of Powers:
Montesquieu is famous for his theory that the powers of government should be divided into three branches:

• Legislative: Makes the laws.

• Executive: Enforces the laws.

• Judicial: Interprets the laws.

american revolution

1776—Declaration of Independence:

The Tennis Court Oath 

where they declared they would move until they were heard

autocracy

where on person holds the power

 Continental System.

• This forbid all countries under his control to trade with Great Britain

•  Congress of Vienna.

• Redraw the map of Europe

• Establish Legitimacy 

• Create a Balance of Power

• Suppress Liberalism and Nationalism.

Lusitania,

Germany sank a passenger liner the Lusitania, which angered the

American public.

russia

October 1917- Russia leaves the Allies due

to Russian Revolution

The Paris Peace Conference

•The Paris Peace Conference opened on 12th January

1919, meetings were held at various locations in and

around Paris until 20th January, 1920.

Treaty of Versailles

Germany had to greatly reduce

her army, navy and was not

allowed an air force.

● Alsace-Lorraine was to be

returned to France.

● Germany lost all of her colonies in

Africa, China, and the pacific.

● The Rhineland was to be

demilitarized.

● Germany had to pay $33 Billion for death and

damages incurred by the victors. (Just over

$513 Billion in 2020)

• Germany had to sign Article 231, the war

guilt clause stating the war was Germany’s

fault.

Appeasement:

Giving into demands to avoid conflict.

Nuremberg Laws:

Nazi laws which promoted discrimination

against Jewish people.

Munich Conference, 1938

• Leaders of Britain, France, Italy, and Germany met in Munich in 1938

• Britain and France agreed to give Hitler the Sudetenland and Hitler promised he would seek no further territory

• The practice of giving into aggression to avoid war is known as appeasement

• Appeasement failed when Germany took the rest of Czechoslovakia

invasion of poland

the invasion of poland causes Brittany and France to declare war on Germany

“Night of the Broken Glass”

• 
  Group of Nazi nationalist thugs (Brown Shirts SA) destroy thousands of Jewish synagogues, businesses, community centres, and homes throughout Germany and Austria.

• Arrested and beat up Jewish people, vandalized cemeteries, etc

8 stages of genocide

1 classification ( us .vs them)

2 symbolization ( they must become a symbol of hate)

3 dehumanization 

4 organization ( a genocide is organized )

5 polarization ( separate them )

6 preparation

7 extermination

8 denial 

Crimes Against Humanity: 

Widespread attacks against a civilian population.

collateral damage

War Crimes:

Willfully causing great suffering and intentionally directing attacks against a civilian population

The Final Solution

plan during World War II to systematically exterminate the Jewish population in Europe, which they referred to as the "Jewish Question." It was a central part of the Holocaust,

Lebensraum

German living space