unit 2: cell adaptation

Physiological

* Represents cells to normal stimulation by **hormones/ endogenous chemical substances**
* **Coping** mechanisms

e.g. callus, infection

Pathological

* cells have the ability to **modulate their environment**
* **Destructive** mechanisms

Cellular Adaptation

* **Cellular responses** to persistent sublethal injury, physical biological, radiation, or chemical
* Reversible

Atrophy

shrinking of cell size

Hypertrophy

enlargement of cell size

Hyperplasia

overproduction of cells

Metaplasia

cell transformation

Dysplasia

abnormal cell development

CDK2/E

### Cell Cycle

(from cytogen nyehe)

Progression from G0 → S

CDK2/A

### Cell Cycle

(from cytogen nyehe)

S → G2

CDK1/B

### Cell Cycle

(from cytogen nyehe)

G2 → M

CDK2/D

### Cell Cycle

(from cytogen nyehe)

M → G1

mutation in a protein

### Cell Cycle

can cause a cell to LOSE CONTROL

Seliciclib (CYC202) & (CYC065)

### Cell Cycle - *Proteins*

G1/S Checkpoint

Sapacitabine (CYC682)

### Cell Cycle - *Proteins*

S → G2

PLK1 inh (CYC140)

### Cell Cycle - *Proteins*

G2/M Checkpoint

Labile Cells

### Cell Cycle - *Proliferation*

Continuously dividing cells

Stable cell or quiscent levels

### Cell Cycle - *Proliferation*

Low level of replication; when stimulated

Permanent cells

### Cell Cycle - *Proliferation*

Unable to proliferate

* **hormonal stimulation** (estrogen, TSH)
* **increased functional demand** (BM in chronic blood loss, secondary polycythemia, LN hyperplasia)
* **persistent cell injury**

### Hyperplasia

usual causes

Hyperthyroidism (Graves Disease)

### Hyperplasia

**Autoimmune** disorder characterized by diffuse goiter, hyperthyroidism, and exophthalmos.

IgG antibodies vs. TSH receptor (agonists), increasing thyroid hormone secretion

### Hyperplasia - *Hyperthyroidism*

Immune mechanism

tall columnar epithelium with intraluminal papillae

### Hyperplasia - *Hyperthyroidism*

Pathology

medulla

### Hyperplasia - *Hyperthyroidism*

pink eosinophilic staining clean area

cortex

### Hyperplasia - *Hyperthyroidism*

periphery/casing of the medulla

normal thyroid gland

### Hyperplasia - *Hyperthyroidism*

Hyperthyroidism (Graves Disease)

### Hyperplasia - *Hyperthyroidism*

Nodular Hyperplasia - Prostatic Gland

### Hyperplasia

Proliferation of **prostatic glands and stroma** resulting in enlargement of the gland with **obstruction of urine flow** through the bladder outlet.

Chronic bacterial infection and asymptomatic sexually transmitted diseases

### Hyperplasia - *Prostatic Gland*

Common causes of prostatitis

normal prostatic gland

### Hyperplasia - *Prostatic Gland*

Nodular Hyperplasia - Prostatic Gland

### Hyperplasia - *Prostatic Gland*

Prostatic hypertrophy

### Hyperplasia - *Prostatic Gland*

The urethra gets blocked/pinched

Adrenal Cortical Hyperplasia

### Hyperplasia

* along the **upper portion** of the kidney
* secondary stimulation of **corticotropin**

Cushing disease

### Hyperplasia - *Adrenal Cortical*

Primary hypersecretion of corticotropin by **pituitary**

Ectopic

### Hyperplasia - *Adrenal Cortical*

corticotropin production by **non-pituitary** tumor

Conn syndrome

### Hyperplasia - *Adrenal Cortical*

Primary aldosteronism; overproduction of aldosterone

amenorrhea (abnromal menstruation cycle) & hirustism (hair growth on face)

### Hyperplasia - *Cushing’s*

Symptoms in **females**

erectile dysfunction

### Hyperplasia - *Cushing’s*

Symptoms in **males**

moon face

### Hyperplasia - *Cushing’s*

red round face

bull neck

### Hyperplasia - *Cushing’s*

fat deposition on abdomen and back of neck

Endometrial Hyperplasia

### Hyperplasia

Proliferative lesions of the endometrium from hyperestrinism

Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID)

### Hyperplasia - *Endometrial*

most common cause of this is STDs

Ectopic pregnancy

### Hyperplasia - *Endometrial*

pregnancy **outside** of the uterus but is planted in the fallopian tube

normal endometrium

### Hyperplasia - *Endometrial*

Simple (Cystic Glandular) Hyperplasia of the Endometrium

### Hyperplasia - *Endometrial*

Complex Hyperplasia of the Endometrium (without Atypia)

### Hyperplasia - *Endometrial*

Adenocarcinoma-in-Situ (with Atypia)

### Hyperplasia - *Endometrial*

Hysterectomy

### Hyperplasia - *Endometrial*

process of removing female reproductive organs

**metro**rrhagia

### Hyperplasia - *Endometrial*

uterine bleeding at irregular intervals

**meno**rrhagia

### Hyperplasia - *Endometrial*

excessive bleeding with menstrual periods

**menometro**rrhagia

### Hyperplasia - *Endometrial*

excessive and prolonged uterine bleeding occurring at irregular and/or frequent intervals

heart and skeletal muscle

### Hypertrophy

Pure hypertrophy **without hyperplasia** occurs only in the ___

normal myocytes

### Hypertrophy

hypertrophic myocytes

### Hypertrophy

hypertropic

### Hypertrophy

weightlifter

### Hypertrophy - *Physiological*

rippled physique by hypertrophy of skeletal muscle cells

athletes

### Hypertrophy - *Physiological*

skeletal muscle of the limbs

left ventricular hypertrophy

### Hypertrophy - *Pathological*

increase in afterload (resistance) or preload (hypertension)

smooth muscle hypertrophy

### Hypertrophy - *Pathological*

urinary bladder in response to urethral obstruction

compensatory hypertrophy

### Hypertrophy - *Pathological*

most commonly seen in the paired organs

Pregnant Uterus: Hypertrophy of the Myometrium

### Hypertrophy

Atrophy

* “wasting” / **degeneration**
* Diminution in size or function of organ due to __decrease in size of cells__

pressure atrophy

### Atrophy

persistent pressure/compression of cell/tissue/organ

idiopathic atrophy

### Atrophy

spontaneous

skeletal muscle atrophy

### Atrophy

Metaplasia

**Conversion** of one differentiated (mature) cell type into another

Squamo-columnar junction of the Uterine cervix

### Metaplasia

Dysplasia

**Abnormal** growth and differentiation

preneoplastic lesion

### Dysplasia

a stage in the cellular evolution to cancer

hyperchromation of nuclei

### Dysplasia

darkening of nuclei; darkly staining blue