Learn: BMS 300 Exam 1 Colorado State

Electric Dipole Moment

Neutral molecule with uneven charge distributions (partial charges) e.g. H2O

Diffusion

Movement of molecules from areas of high to low concentrations e.g. Volatile Perfume distributing through the air

Osmosis

Diffusion of WATER through a membrane e.g. Aquaporins (biological proteins)

Hydrophilicity

"Water Loving" e.g. Charged ions that interact with the Electric Dipole Moment in water. (Soluble)

Hydrophobicity

"Water Fearing" e.g. molecules with equal distribution of charge such as Triglycerides (Insoluble)

Amphipathicity

Both Water "Fearing and Loving" e.g. Phospholipids in water

Glycerol

3 Carbon Alcohol (OH)

Triglycerides

3 Fatty Acid Chains on Glycerol formed by Ester Bonds

Ester Bond

Created from Dehydration Synthesis to make a C-O-C bond in Triglycerides (Leaves Behind a Water Molecule)

Dehydration Synthesis

Carboxylic end of Fatty Acid Chain attaches to Glycerol to create an Ester Bond and Water Molecule

Fatty Acids

Saturated-Single bond

Unsaturated-Double bond

Phospholipid

Remove a fatty acid chain and add a charged phosphate head group to make it Amphipathic

Micelle

Single layer of UNSTABLE phospholipids (Due to Dipole Moment)

Phospholipid Bi-layer

STABLE formation of Phospholipids

Transmembrane Protein

Provide pathways across the Phospholipid Bi-layer

Amino Acid

Molecule with Amine(NH2), Carboxylic(COOH), and an R group(20 varieties)

Protein

Polymers of Amino Acids

Peptide Bonds

Connecting N-terminus and C-terminus of Amino Acid through Dehydration synthesis to create C-N bond

Primary Structure

Determined by Peptide Bonds and the Amino Acid Sequence

Secondary Structure

Hydrogen Bonding of the two terminals can create Alpha Helices and Beta Pleated Sheets

Alpha Helix

Hydrogen bonding with backbone of molecule

Beta Pleated Sheets

Hydrogen bonding between adjacent amino acids

Tertiary Structure

Orientation of the R-groups makes 3D shape based on interactions with water (Will create the lowest thermodynamic state)

RNA

Ribonucleic Acid that is always synthesized in the nucleus as mRNA, tRNA, or rRNA. Each performs different functions

mRNA

Carries genetic code from the nucleus to the cytoplasm in order to make proteins

rRNA

Directs translation of mRNA into proteins

tRNA

Transfers amino acids to respective codon of rRNA to make proteins

Hydrophilic Pathway Channels

Made of at least 4 alpha Helices to allow certain molecules to pass through the membrane.

Central Dogma

DNA provides a template for RNA to translate into protein

Histone

DNA binding protein to allow chromosomes to tightly wrap like a spool.

Nuclear Pore

Regulates Access to the cytoplasm

Ribosomes

"Protein Builders" that are free to live in the cytoplasm or are attached to the ER.

3 Proteins from Rough ER

Secreted - Leaves the cell

Lysosomal - creates lysosomes

Transmembrane - on membrane

Glycosylation

Attaching sugars to proteins produce glycoproteins

Golgi Apparatus

Finalizes proteins by modifying 3D shape(Sent from ER to Golgi)

Vesicle

Small organelle that contains and transports materials within the cytoplasm. e.g. protein to the Golgi

Microtubules

Polymer of tubulin that assembles side to side with a negative end and positive end (Always assemble as 13 in a circle)

Filamentous Actin

Polymer of Globulin Actin (G-Actin) that can support vesicle transport

Intermediate Filament protein

polymers of small intermediate filament sub units

Kinesin

Molecular motor that turns chemical energy to kinetic (ATPase)

Dynein

(-) end directed motor on the microtubule (ATPase)

ATPase

Enzyme that releases energy stored in the terminal phosphate bonds of ATP molecules ATP->ADP + P_i

Myosin

Molecular motor for Actin (ATPase) that helps transport vesicles along the membrane

DNA

5 carbon sugar made up of bases (ATCG) that links together in a phospho-diester bond

Purines

Adenine and Guanine Bases that

Pyrimidines

Thymine and Cytosine

Number 5 Carbon

5th carbon on DNA that has a triphosphate attached. It can then be removed to create a bond on the 3rd carbon

Anti-Parallel Organization of DNA

A-T

C-G

DNA Replication

Basis of life on the planet that is "Semi conserved"

Always read from 3' to 5' end

Helicase

breaks down H-bonding and unwinds the helix

DNA Polymerase

Adds a base pair to each base on newly broken strand in 3' to 5' direction

Leading Strand

The first new strand to be created in 3' to 5' end

Lagging Strand

Second strand created after Leading and goes in 3' to 5' end but reverse direction

Primers

Bits of RNA that stick to DNA

Promoter

Sequence of bases that provides the "Start Here Signal"

Transcription Factor

Binds to promoter and says it is the start of a gene

RNA Polymerase

Enzyme that links together the growing chain of ribonucleotides during transcription.

Introns

Cut Out sections of the sequence of Pre-mRNA

exons

Expressed regions of the sequence

tRNA

molecule that binds to an amino acid and attaches to protein chain

AUG

always the start codon that is a 3 base set

Anti Codon

3 bases on the tRNA that bind to the mRNA

Stop Codon

UAA, UAG, UGA

codon that signals to ribosomes to stop translation

Termination factor

Protein that enters cytoplasm and the AA sequence is cut from the mRNA.

SRP

Signal Recognition Protein attaches to hydrophobic series of amino acids

Tissue

Group of similar cells performing a similar function. Epithelium, Muscle, Nerve, Connective

Epithelium

Sheet of cells that form lining that is continuous to the outside world

Basal Lamina

bottom side of the epithelium (Apical is top side)

Stratified Epithelium

Epidermis, multi-layered epithelial cells

Integrin

transmembrane protein that binds to extracellular proteins

Hemidesmosome

Anchors E cells to Basal Lamina

Desmosome

Symmetrical and holds the adjacent cells together

Keratin

Fibrous protein found in Epithelial Cells

Cadherin

A joining protein which spans the gap between Occluding junction, and desmosome junction

Occluding Junction

Block/dam spaces in between the epithelial cells

Communicating Junction (Gap)

provides a bridge between cells made out of proteins called connexons. formed with six in a circle, R groups face inward, Hydrophobic outside

Glandular Epithelium

Duct of cells in the layers of epithelial cells

Carcinomas

cancerous epithelial cells

Connective tissue proper

Made of Fibrocytes, which secrete extracellular matrix. e.g. Tendons, ligaments, Dermis.

Cartilage

Consists of Fibro, elastic, and Hyaline cartilage. They are proteins created by Chondrocytes

Bone

Mineralized as Calcium phosphate with extracellular Collagen. Created by osteocytes.

Blood

Hematopoietic stem cell embedded in protein matrix

Melanocytes

Cells that secrete pigment that is absorbed by keratinocytes. The melanin is determined by UV light

Organ

two or more tissue types working in concert

Bone

Long bone growth

Occurs at interface between epiphysis and diaphysis

Growth Plate

Made of chondrocytes, which cells push away and will eventually die and be replaced by Osteocytes

Osteoclast

Bone breaker with a low pH will remove bone stimulated by Parathyroid hormone. Releases Ca2+ from the bone.

Osteocyte

reconstructing Bones

Endocrine System

Cells that send chemical signals that other cells respond to

Autocrine

"Self" Releasing/Secreting hormones/chemicals to iteself

Paracrine

"Near" secretes Hormones so a nearby cell can take it with receptors

True Endocrine Response

"Far" Secretes Hormones that will pass through endothelium of blood vessels and travel to distant sites in the body

Hormones

Modified proteins and peptides(Hydrophilic), Modified Cholesterol(Steroid/hydrophobic), Modified Amino Acids(Tyrosine Growth factor), Modified Fatty Acids (Prostaglandins)

Hormone-Receptor Interaction

Based on the Dissociation constant, determines the likelihood that a receptor will bind to the hormone. Specificity(Choosy) and Affinity(Stickiness) also play a role

Dissociation Constant

Kd- concentration at which half of receptors are bound.

G-Protein Coupled Receptor

7-pass transmembrane proteins that binds to GDP binding protien. Binds to the hormone with a receptor end on N-terminus.

GDP binding protein

Composed of Alpha, Beta, Gamma. when a signal is present it will change to GTP and alpha will be cleaved off.

Adenylyl Cyclase

will activate the GTP attached to alpha. Converts ATP to cyclic AMP (CAmP)

CAmP

Activates protein kinase A (PKA)