Phonological Processes

Phonological Processes

Systematic sound changes

Systematic sound changes which affect a class of sounds or a sound sequence

Phonological Processes

Phonological processes affect (2)

class of sounds,

sound sequence

Phonological processes used by children with

disorders & normal language users - normal language users drop phonological process at appropriate age

identification of process not straightforward - some researcher suggest

20% of the time

Processes which occur developmentally in normal children

developmental phonological processes

Processes which rarely or never occur in normal development

unusual,

idiosyncratic,

non-developmental processes

Final consonant deletion is ______

developmental

Initial consonant deletion is

idiosyncratic

Phonological processes categorized into 3 grouping

syllable structure,

substitution,

assimilatory

Syllable Structure Processes

Reduplication,

Final Consonant Deletion,

Syllable Reduction/Deletion,

Cluster Reduction,

Epenthesis

Substitution Processes

Velar Fronting,

Palatal Fronting,

Stopping of Fricatives/Affricates,

Stridency Deletion,

Deaffrication,

Gliding,

Vocalization/Vowelization,

Assimilatory Processes

Consonant Harmony/Assimilation,

Velar Assimilation,

Labial Assimilation,

Nasal Assimilation,

Prevocalic Voicing,

Final Consonant Devoicing,

Non developmental Processes

Deletion of Initial consonants,

Backing,

Favorite Sound Substitution,

Glottal Replacement

Duplication of first syllable for second syllable

reduplication

water --> wawa example of

reduplication

Deletes final consonant of words

final consonant deletion

cat --> ca example of

final consonant deletion

Reduces the number of syllables, usually weaker syllable

syllable reduction/deletion.

weak syllable deletion

pajamas --> jamas example of

weak syllable deletion,

syllable reduction/deletion

Reducing cluster by one consonant or eliminating entire cluster

Cluster reduction

blue --> bu example of

cluster reduction

flower --> shower example of

cluster reduction

bl --> bw

cluster simplification

going from two phonemes in a cluster to two phonemes

cluster simplification

Insertion of a schwa between two consonants

Epenthesis

addition of vowel in word-final position

epenthesis

bead --> beada

epenthesis

blue --> bulue

epenthesis

Palatal consonants fronted to alveolar

palatal fronting

shoot --> sut

palatal fronting

judge --> dud

palatal fronting

velar sounds fronted to alveolars

velar fronting

come --> tome

velar fronting

got --> dot

velar fronting

substituting affricates or stops for fricatives.

stops for affricates

stopping of fricatives/affricates

fish --> pish

stopping of fricative

shoe --> chu

Stopping of fricative

jumping --> dumping

stopping of affricate

chirp --> terp

stopping of affricate

Strident consonants loose strident feature

strident deletion

shoe --> tu

stridency deletion

fish --> pith

stridency deletion

substitution of fricative for affricate

deaffrication

chair --> shair

deaffricatin

jumping --> zumping

deaffrication

replacing liquids with glides

gliding

ring --> wing

gliding

lamp --> yamp

gliding

vowel substituted for liquids

vocalization/vowelization

zipper --> zipa

vocalization/vowelization

bottle --> bodo

vocalization/vowelization

bird --> bawd

vocalization/vowelization

one consonant affected by another in a word

consonant harmony/assimilation

doggie --> doddie

consonant harmony/assimilation

yellow --> lelow

consonant harmony/assimilation

two characteristics of assimilation (2)

progressive (affects sound later in word),

regressive (affected sound precedes influencing sound)

alveolar or palatal consonant becomes velar consonant

velar assimilation

take --> cake

velar assimilation

jacket --> gacket

velar assimilation

nonlabial consonant replaced by labial consonant in presence of labial consonant

labial assimilation

zip --> pip

labial assimilation

bone --> bome

labial assimilation

non-nasal sound becomes nasal sound when influenced by nasal sound

nasal assimilation

gun --> nun

nasal assimilation

candy --> nandy

nasal assimilation

change voiceless consonant into voiced when before vowel in same syllable

Prevocalic Voicing

take --> dake

prevocalic voicing

pen --> ben

prevocalic voicing

devoicing voiced obstruent when occurs at end of word

final consonant devoicing

made --> mate

final consonant devoicing

dad --> dat

final consonant devoicing

sun --> un

deletion of initial consonant

shoes --> uz

deletion of initial consonant

any consonant backed to a velar

backing

tree -- key

backing

top --> kop

backing

this sound is often a favorite sound

/d/

vacuum --> va?um

glottal replacement

glottal replacement often occurs

medially