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Non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs)
RNA molecules not translated into proteins.
Abundance of ncRNAs
More abundant than mRNAs in most cell types.
Transcription distribution
80% of transcription produces ncRNAs.
Scaffold function
ncRNA binds multiple proteins together.
Guide function
ncRNA directs proteins to specific cellular sites.
Alteration of protein function
ncRNA changes protein structure or stability.
Ribozyme
RNA with catalytic activity.
Blocker function
ncRNA prevents a cellular process.
Decoy function
ncRNA sequesters another ncRNA.
Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs)
ncRNAs longer than 200 nucleotides.
Small regulatory RNAs
ncRNAs shorter than 200 nucleotides.
MicroRNAs (miRNAs)
Small regulatory RNAs, typically 20-25 nucleotides.
Protobiont
Precursor to living cells with boundary.
RNA World
Period when RNA was primary macromolecule.
Information storage in RNA
RNA stores information in nucleotide sequences.
Self-replication of RNA
RNA replicates using itself as a template.
Catalytic activity of RNA
RNA synthesizes polypeptides and organic molecules.
Reverse transcription
RNA template used to synthesize DNA.
MicroRNA regulation
transcribed from endogenous eukaryotic genes, regulate gene expression, 60% of human genes regulated
Small interfering RNAs (siRNAs)
originate from exogenous sources, viruses or experimentally injected by researchers
RNA interference
Found in eukaryotes, mediated by miRNAs and siRNAs
Drosha and DGCR8
Complex that processes pri-miRNA.
Dicer
Enzyme that cuts pre-miRNA into siRNAs.
RNA-Induced Silencing Complex (RISC)
Complex that regulates gene expression via RNA.
Double-stranded RNA
RNA molecule 20-25 bp long from pre-miRNAs.
Processing body (P-body)
Cellular structure where RISC-mRNA complex resides.
Argonaute
Protein that cleaves mRNA in RISC complex.
siRNA
Small interfering RNA that perfectly matches mRNA.
miRNA
MicroRNA that partially complements target mRNA.
CRISPR-Cas system
Bacterial defense mechanism against bacteriophages.
CRISPR locus
Chromosomal site containing repeated sequences.
Spacer sequences
Unique DNA segments interspersed in CRISPR locus.
Cas proteins
Proteins involved in CRISPR-Cas defense mechanism.
Adaptation phase
also called spacer acquisition. Phase where spacers from bacteriophage DNA are acquired.
Expression phase
Phase where CRISPR genes are transcribed and processed.
Interference phase
Phase where crRNA guides Cas9 to target DNA.
sgRNA
Single guide RNA combining tracrRNA and crRNA.
Nonhomologous end joining (NHEJ)
Repair mechanism causing small deletions post-Cas9 cut.
Homologous recombination repair (HRR)
Repair using donor DNA to introduce mutations.
Gene editing
Experimental alteration of gene sequences.
PIWI-interacting RNA
ncRNA that inhibits transposable element movement.
Transposable elements
DNA sequences that can change position within genome.
Bacteriophages
Viruses that infect bacteria.
Mutagens
Agents that induce mutations in DNA.
Gene inactivation
Process of disabling a specific gene's function.
Point mutation
Change in a single nucleotide in DNA.
CRISPR technology applications
Used for gene editing in various organisms.
Francisco Mojica
Scientist who contributed to CRISPR-Cas discovery.
Philippe Horvath
Demonstrated CRISPR-Cas system's defense role experimentally.
Clororaphenicol
Blocks elongation by acting as competitive inhibitor of peptidyl transferase.
Erythromycin
Binds to the 23S RNA and blocks elongation by interfering with the translocation step.
Puromycin
Binds to the A site and causes premature release of the
polypeptide. This early termination of translation results in
polypeptides that are shorter than normal
Tetracycline
Blocks elongation by inhibiting the binding of aminoacyl-tRNAs to
the ribosome.
the ribosome.
Streptomycin
Interferes with normal pairing between aminoacyl-tRNAs and
codons. This causes misreading, thereby producing abnormal
polypeptides.
codons. This causes misreading, thereby producing abnormal
polypeptides.
Note 
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