Week 1

Osteoclasts

Which cells are multinucleated, hematopoietic derived and resorb bone?

Line bone surfaces

Where do osteobalsts reside?

tuberosity

What structure will tendons usually attach to on a bone?

Trochlea

What is a groove on a bone called that is usually the place where a tendon will pass through acting like a pulley?

Condyle

What is the rounded projection on a bone, usually for articulation with another bone?

Epicondyle

What is a projection of bone on the lateral edge above its condyle called?

Foramen

An opening or passage into or through a bone is called what?

Fossa

A hollow or depressed area on a bone is called what?

Muscle to bone

What do tendons connect?

Tendon

What connects muscle to bone?

Bone to bone

What do ligaments connect?

Ligament

What connects bone to bone?

Axial

What part of the skeleton is the ribs and sternum a part of ?

No, its part of the appendicular

Is the pelvis a part of the axial skeleton?

splanchnic

What skeleton is the os penis a part of?

LH + RF → RH +LF

What is the sequence for a horses trot?

Conformation

What term refers to the physical structure or body shape?

Varus

What is a conformational deformity where the limb deviates toward the midline distal to the affected joint?

Valgus

What conformational deformity where the limb joint deviates away from the midline?

Toed in and toed out

Which conformational deformities are in relation to the leg and feet?

Flexure contracture

What flexural deformity is described as limb joints being abnormally flexed?

Tendon laxity

A flexural deformity that is described as limb joints being abnormally extended is termed what?

Myofilaments

What are contractile elements present in the form of actin and myosin termed?

Sarcomere

What is the basic contractile unit of skeletal muscle?

Myofibril

What is the basic rodlike organelle of a muscle cell, responsible for contraction and relaxation of the muscle fiber?

Breakver

The point of stride where the toe leaves theground is termed what?

Paddling

What type of movement will be seen in a horse that has toed-in conformation?

Winging

What type of movement will be seen in a horse that has toed-out conformation?

Speed at which the atrophy progress (disuse is slow)

What is the key difference between neurogenic and disuse atrophy?

Weight-bearing and elevated

What position should the horse be in when doing palpation of the horse joints?

Crepitus

What is the term that refers to the crunchy or snapping sound of a joint during movement created by friction between bone and cartilage?

LF limb is damaged

When during a dynamic evaluation of a horse, you observe a head nod and head is down when on right front limb, what can be deduced?

joint, tendon sheath, and bursa

What are the three synovial cavities in the body?

Sesamoid

What kind of bone is the patella considered?

Pneumatic bones

Bones that contain air-filled spaces called sinuses are called what?

Sesamoid bone

What bones develop within a tendon?

Splanchnic

Which bones develop within soft organs?

Facet

A flat articular surface of a bone is considered what?

37/38

How many bones are in the skull?

Synovial

What kind of joint connects the mandible to the rest of the body?

Axial

What skeleton is the hyoid a part of?

No

Do flat bones have a medullary cavity?

50-53

How many vertebrae do dogs have?

35-53

How many vertebrae do cats have?

9

How many true ribs do dogs have?

6 (3 on each side)

How many false ribs do dogs have?

2 (1 on each side)

How many floating ribs do dogs ave?

Manubrium

What is the most cranial sternebra?

Xiphoid process

What is the most caudal sternebra?

Foramen magnum

What structure does the spinal cord leave the skull through?

Scapula and clavicle

What bones make up the pectoral girdle?

Glenoid cavity

What part of the scapula articulates with the humerus?

Lateral side

What surface is the spine located on in the scapula?

Synsarcosis and the shoulder

What term refers to a union of bone solely through muscles, without the presence of a true joint snd where can one of these be found?

Acromion

What is the end of the scapula spine termed?

Medial

What part of the scapula will the serratus ventralis and subscapularis muscle attach to ?

Ulna is caudal to radius

In the standing position, where will the ulna rest in relation to the radius?

no

Is the clavicle present normally with dogs and cats?

Trapezius muscle

What muscle attaches to the spine of the scapula?

Suprahamate process

Cats have an additional process of the scapula, what is it

?

Biceps brachii tendon

What tendon passes through the intertubercular groove on the humerus?

Olecranon fossa

The Trochlea of the humerus is received by which process on the ulna?

3

Which phalanx do horses walk on?

3

Which number is the cannon bone?

2

How many weight bearing phalanxes are on each bovine foot?

Ilium, Ischium, pubis, sacrum, and coccyx

What bones are part of the pelvic girdle?

Ilium, ischium, pubis, and acetabulum

What 4 bones make up the hip bones?

Acetabulum

Where does the femur head connect to to form the coxofemoral joint?

Pelvic symphysis

What will connect the two hip bones together?

Gastronemius muscle and no

What muscle will the fabellae form inside and are they found in cattle or horses?

Craniocaudal

This term refers to when an x-ray beam enters the front of the limb and exits through the back of the limb.

Caudocranial

This term refers to when an x-ray beam enters the back of the limb and exits through the front of the limb.

Actin

Which filament is connected to the Z line?

Myosin

Which filament is connected to the M line?

A band

This dark region of the sarcomere that contains the full length of myosin, including the overlap with actin, what is it?

I band

This light region on the sarcomere contains actin and is bisected by the z-line, what is it?

H zone

This region on the sarcomere is within the A band and is where there is NO overlap between actin and BECOMES SHORTER DURING CONTRACTION, what is it?

Ca and from the sarcoplasmic reticulum

When the nerve impulse is received in the muscle, what will be released and from what?

Troponin C and causes Troponin T to bind to tropomyosin

Where does calcium bind to and what will occur?

It will twist and reveal the active site on actin.

What does tropomyosin do once it binds with troponin T?

Phosphate group

Before the myosin heads bind to actin binding site, what does it need to release?

ADP needs to be released

After the myosin head binds to the actin binding site, what needs to occur before the myosin head can pivot and pull the actin filament?

ATP

What molecule needs to bind to the myosin head to stop the pulling of actin?

ADP and Pi

After ATP binds to the myosin head and the head is released from the site, ATP will hydrolyze to form what?

Ulna

The anconeal and coronod process is found on which bone of the canine?

Humerus

The olecranon fossa is found on which bone?

Medial for ulna and lateral for radius

The distal humerus is divided into a trochlea (medial) that articulates with which bone and a capitulum (lateral) that articulates with which bone?

Epaxial

Muscles of the back, dorsal to the transverse process of the vertebrae are termed what?

Dorsal branches of spinal nerves

Which nerves will innervate the epaxial muscles?

Hypaxial

Which group of muscles of the spine are ventral to the transverse process of the vertebrae?

Ventral branches of spinal nerves

Which nerves will innervate the hypaxial muscles?

Transversospinalis system

Which system of epaxial muscles line the lateral walls of the spinous process of the vertebrae?

Ilicostalis system

Which system of epaxial muscles line the dorsal wall of the ribs?

Longissimus system

Which system of epaxial muscles is found in between the other two?

lateral flexion of trunk

What is the function of the iliocostalis system?

Extensors of back and assist in expiration

What are the functions of the longissimus system of muscles?

Transversospinalis

What group of epaxial muscles are clinically relevant when needing to do spinal surgery and must be reflected?

Stabilize the thoracic region of the column and raise head and neck

What is the function of the transversospinalis muscle system?

Interspinous

Damage to which ligament of the vertebral column is associated with kissing spine disease in horses?

Interspinous

Which ligament is found in between the spinous process of the vertebrae?