MATTER & ENERGY - 100 Flashcards

100-question set covering core concepts from the lecture notes on matter, energy, atomic structure, bonds, organic functional groups, vapor pressure, Henry’s Law, gas solubility, and related pharmacology principles.

What is energy in the context of matter & energy?

Energy is the exertion of force (kinetic) or capacity (potential) to do work; the unit is the Joule.

What is matter?

Matter is tangible composition that may be solid, liquid, gas, or plasma; solids resist shape and volume changes, liquids are minimally compressible, gases are compressible, and plasma is a mixture of ionized gas and free electrons.

Define a solid.

A state of matter that resists changes in shape and volume.

Define a liquid.

A fluid with minimal compressibility that may change volume with pressure and temperature.

Define a gas.

A compressible fluid that easily changes volume with pressure and temperature.

What is plasma?

A mixture of ionized gas and free-floating electrons.

What is an atom?

The smallest unit of an element that retains its properties and can exist independently.

What is a molecule?

A group of two or more atoms bonded together, representing the smallest unit of a compound.

Name the three subatomic particles.

Protons, neutrons, and electrons.

Where are protons and neutrons located in an atom?

In the nucleus.

Where are electrons located?

In the electron shells surrounding the nucleus.

Which subatomic particle largely determines the size of the atom?

Electrons.

Which subatomic particles contribute most to an atom’s mass?

Protons and neutrons.

What are valence electrons?

The electrons in the outermost shell.

What are chemical symbols?

Abbreviations used to designate chemical elements.

Approximately how many elements are commonly found in living cells?

About 26.

How are elements named systematically in chemistry?

By prefixes indicating how many atoms of each element are present, with the suffix 'ide' on the last element.

What is the systematic name for N2O?

Dinitrogen monoxide (nitrous oxide).

What is the systematic name for NO?

Nitrogen monoxide (nitric oxide).

What is the systematic name for CCl4?

Carbon tetrachloride.

Give examples of non-systematic formulas and their common names.

H2O = Water; NH3 = Ammonia; CH4 = Methane; C3H8 = Propane.

What is covalent bonding?

Atoms share electrons; strong, stable bonds; directional.

What is an ionic bond?

Atoms transfer electrons; strong attraction but non-directional; high melting/boiling points.

What is an ion–dipole interaction?

An ion interacts with a molecule that has a partial charge.

What is a dipole–dipole interaction?

Attractions between molecules with dipole moments; includes London dispersion forces (weak).

What is a polar covalent bond?

Unequal sharing of electrons between atoms.

What is a nonpolar covalent bond?

Equal sharing of electrons between atoms.

What are single, double, and triple bonds?

Single bond = 1 pair of electrons; double bond = 2 pairs; triple bond = 3 pairs.

What is bond energy?

The energy required to break a bond; energy released when a bond is formed; measured as an enthalpy change.

What is enthalpy change (ΔH)?

Change in a system’s total energy; heat evolved or absorbed during a process.

How does metabolism relate to enthalpy?

Metabolism involves energy release; examples: fat breakdown releases energy, ATP → ADP + P consumes energy.

What are hydrocarbons?

Molecules composed only of carbon and hydrogen.

What is a saturated hydrocarbon?

A hydrocarbon with only single bonds between carbon atoms (alkanes).

What is a cyclic hydrocarbon?

A hydrocarbon arranged in a ring structure; may have single, double, or triple bonds.

What is an unsaturated hydrocarbon?

Hydrocarbons with one or more double or triple bonds.

What is an alkane?

A saturated hydrocarbon with only single bonds.

What is an alkene?

An unsaturated hydrocarbon with a carbon–carbon double bond.

What is an alkyne?

An unsaturated hydrocarbon with a carbon–carbon triple bond.

What is a cycloalkane?

A cyclic saturated hydrocarbon.

What is a carbonyl compound?

Compounds containing a carbon–oxygen double bond, such as esters and amides.

What is an amine?

A derivative of ammonia (NR3); may have one or two hydrogens; contains a lone pair.

What is an amide?

A nitrogen atom bonded to a carbonyl group (RCONH2, RCONR2, etc.).

What is an alcohol?

An organic compound with a hydroxyl group (ROH); polar and hydrophilic.

What is a phenol?

A hydroxyl group attached to an aromatic ring; polar; some phenols are lipid soluble.

What is an ether?

An R–O–R' molecule; generally inert and flammable; halogen substitution can alter properties.

How can halogen substitution affect ethers?

Halogen substitution (F, Cl) can alter blood solubility and potency and lowers flammability.

What are aldehydes?

Compounds with the formyl group, RCHO.

What are esters?

Compounds with the ester functional group, RCOOR.

What are ketones?

Compounds with a carbonyl group between two carbons, RCOR'.

What are carboxylic acids?

RCOOH; weak acids that form carbonates and bicarbonates; part of the pH buffer system.

What is vapor pressure?

The pressure exerted by vapor in a closed container; increases with temperature.

How does temperature affect vapor pressure?

Increasing temperature increases vapor pressure.

What is the boiling point?

The temperature at which vapor pressure equals atmospheric pressure (760 mmHg).

List the boiling points of Sevoflurane, Desflurane, Isoflurane, Enflurane, and Halothane.

Sevoflurane 58.5°C; Desflurane 22.8°C; Isoflurane 48.5°C; Enflurane 56.5°C; Halothane 50.2°C.

What is the vapor pressure of Sevoflurane, Enflurane, Isoflurane, Halothane, and Desflurane at 20°C?

Sevoflurane 170 mmHg; Enflurane 172 mmHg; Isoflurane 240 mmHg; Halothane 244 mmHg; Desflurane 669 mmHg.

Which agent has the highest vapor pressure at 20°C?

Desflurane (669 mmHg).

What is latent heat of vaporization?

Energy required to convert 1 g of liquid to vapor at a constant temperature; vaporization cools the liquid and lowers vapor pressure.

Why is Desflurane special regarding vaporizers?

High volatility with moderate potency; standard variable-bypass vaporizers are not suitable; requires a heated vaporizer.

What is the design feature of a Desflurane vaporizer?

Heated to 39°C; vapor pressure raised to about 1300 mmHg; prevents boiling at room temperature.

How is Desflurane delivered?

Injected directly into the fresh gas flow for accurate, safe delivery.

What does Henry’s Law state?

The amount of gas dissolved in a liquid is proportional to the partial pressure of that gas above the liquid (at constant temperature).

Why is Henry’s Law clinically important in anesthesia?

Explains gas transport and anesthesia gas exchange, including oxygen and carbon dioxide dissolution.

How do you calculate dissolved O2 using PaO2?

Multiply PaO2 by 0.003 mL O2 per 100 mL blood per mmHg.

How do you calculate dissolved CO2 using PaCO2?

Multiply PaCO2 by 0.067 mL CO2 per 100 mL blood per mmHg.

What is the Blood/Gas partition coefficient?

The ratio of anesthetic in blood (liquid phase) to gas (gaseous phase) at equilibrium.

What does a high Blood/Gas coefficient imply?

More agent stays in blood; slower uptake into the brain; slower induction and emergence.

What does a low Blood/Gas coefficient imply?

More agent is in the gas phase; faster brain uptake; faster onset.

Which volatile agent has the highest Blood/Gas coefficient listed?

Halothane (2.50).

Which volatile agent has the lowest Blood/Gas coefficient listed?

Desflurane (0.42).

Which agent will reach the brain fastest based on Blood/Gas coefficient?

Desflurane (lowest coefficient among those listed).

Which agent will have the slowest induction based on Blood/Gas coefficient?

Halothane (highest coefficient listed).

What occurs in a hypothermic patient regarding emergence from anesthesia?

Slower emergence from volatile anesthetics.

What is diffusion?

Movement of molecules from high to low concentration across a membrane; requires a concentration gradient; distributes until equilibrium.

What is Fick’s Law of Diffusion?

Rate of diffusion is directly proportional to pressure gradient, solubility, and membrane area; inversely proportional to membrane thickness and molecular weight.

What is osmosis?

Movement of water across a semi-permeable membrane; water moves to balance concentrations; large molecules cannot cross.

What is Graham’s Law?

The rate of effusion of a gas through an orifice is inversely related to the gas’s molecular weight; smaller molecules move faster; with limits.

What factors influence diffusion rates in the body?

Concentration gradient, tissue area, tissue solubility, membrane thickness, and molecular weight.

What is Henry’s Law’s practical meaning for gas exchange?

Gas solubility in blood is driven by its partial pressure and temperature, affecting oxygen and carbon dioxide transport.

What is the clinical relevance of the Ostwald partition concept for anesthesia?

Determines how anesthetic distributes between blood and gas at body temperature, influencing uptake and onset.

What is the term for the polar region of a molecule influencing its interactions with water?

Polarity, often due to hydroxyl or other electronegative groups.

What is a hydroxyl group?

An -OH group; highly polar and hydrophilic, increases solubility in water.

What is a phenol?

A hydroxyl group attached to an aromatic ring; polar due to the hydroxyl group; some phenols are lipid soluble.

What is a carbonyl group?

A C=O double bond found in aldehydes and ketones.

What is an ester?

A compound with the functional group RCOOR.

What is a ketone?

A compound with the structure RCOR’ (carbonyl between two carbon groups).

What is an aldehyde?

A compound with the form RCHO (aldehyde group).

What is a carboxylic acid?

RCOOH; a weak acid that forms carbonates and bicarbonates; part of the pH buffer system.

What is an amine’s general formula?

NR3, with one or two R groups possibly hydrogen; contains a lone pair.

What is an amide’s general structure?

RCONH2 or RCONR2; nitrogen attached to a carbonyl carbon.

What is an ether’s general formula?

R–O–R′; two alkyl groups attached by an oxygen atom.

What is an alcohol’s general formula?

ROH; hydroxyl group attached to an alkyl group.

What is solubility?

The ability of a solute to dissolve in a solvent at a given temperature.

What major factors affect solubility?

Temperature, pressure (for gases), concentration gradient, molecular size.

What is the clinical note about solubility?

Solubility directly impacts drug/anesthetic behavior in the body.

What is the effect of temperature on gas solubility in liquids?

Raising temperature generally decreases gas solubility in liquids.

What does a higher gas solubility in blood mean for anesthesia?

More of the agent stays in blood, slowing brain uptake and slowing induction.

What does a lower gas solubility in blood mean for anesthesia?

Less of the agent stays in blood, faster brain uptake and faster onset.

Which agents are considered volatile anesthetics in this context?

Sevoflurane, Desflurane, Isoflurane, Enflurane, Halothane.

What is the key feature of Desflurane regarding induction and emergence?

Low blood solubility leads to rapid induction and emergence; high volatility requires special handling.

What is the role of vapor pressure in determining anesthetic concentration in a mixture?

Total pressure is the sum of partial pressures; the concentration of each gas depends on its vapor pressure.