Dental Anatomy Board Review

Anatomical Crown

Entire crown of tooth completely covered by enamel (erupted or not)

Anatomic Root

Entire root below the CEJ

Cementum

Similar to bone, is thickest at the apex

calculus detection issues

CEJ irregularities cause

Acellular cementum

cementum that covers entire anatomic root

Cellular cementum

cementum that is at the apex, and can continually reproduce

cementoblasts

cementum is produced by

Clinical Crown

part of the crown seen superior to the gingival margin.

Clinical Root

Unerupted part of the root below the gingival crest

Dentin

Largest portion of both root and crown, produced out of 70% inorganic material

Secondary Dentin

Dentin that forms after tooth eruption

Reparative Dentin

Dentin that forms in response to trauma or caries to reduce sensitivity

Erosion

Caries

Toothbrush abrasion

Root planing

Dentin exposure can be caused by:

increased sensitivity

Exposed dentinal tubules =

dentinoblasts

dentin is produced by

enamel

White, protective external surface layer of the anatomic crown

amleoblasts

enamel is produced by

96%

enamel is ___ inorganic

crown tips

enamel is thickest at

CEJ

enamel is thinnest at

Pulp

soft tissue within a tooth, containing nerves and blood vessels

odontoblasts

pulp produces ___ that form dentin

nourish the tooth

the function of the pulp is to

pain

pulp stimulation =

age

function attrition

trauma

Pulp chamber at coronal portion is affected by

Line angle

Separates 2 surfaces of teeth at the point where 2 junctions meet

Point Angle

Point where 3 surfaces meet.

Lobes

Crowth growth centers (usually 4 or more)

Developmental Grooves

Groves formed when lobes fuse during development

Fossae

Shallow depression

Lingual Fossa

Fossa located on the lingual surface between the mesial and distal marginal ridges and incisal to the cingulum

Pit

Pinpoint hole in fossa or groove

Cusp

Pyramidal elevation with a peak called a cusp tip

Ridges

Linear prominence of enamel converging toward the cusp tip run in a line

4

all cusps have ___ ridges: buccal, lingual, mesial, distal

Marginal Ridges

Rounded borders of enamel

Oblique Ridge

crosses the occlusal surface obliquely (diagonally) and is made up of one ridge on the mesiolingual cusp joining with the triangular ridge of the distobuccal cusp

maxillary molars

oblique ridge is ONLY on

Triangular ridge

Extends from a cusp tip toward the depression (sulcus) near the middle of the occlusal surface faciolingually

proximal surface

triangular ridge is most easily identified when viewing the

Transverse Ridge

Triangular ridge from a buccal cusp joins with a triangular ridge from a lingual cusp, these two ridges together form a longer ridge - a transverse ridge which crosses the occlusal surface of posterior teeth in a more or less buccolingual direction

Cingulum

The prominence or bulge in the cervical third of the lingual surface of the crown (incisors and canines)

Root-to-crown Ratio

Root length divided by crown length

Occlusal Table

The occlusal surface that is bounded by the continuous cusp ridges and marginal ridges

Mamelons

Three small bulges or tubercles on the incisal edge of newly erupted incisors

Perikymata

Numerous, minute horizontal ridges on teh enamel of newly erupted permanent teeth

Occlusal Sulcus

Broar V-shaped depression or valley on the occlusal surface of each posterior teeth running mesiodistally between the buccal and lingual cusps

Supplemental Grooves

Small irregular extra grooves

junction of lobes

major portions of tooth

same location on the same type of teeth

supplemental grooves do not occur at

Central Groove

Developmental groove that separates the buccal from the lingual cusps and is located near the buccolingual center of the tooth sulcus

central groove

Most prominent groove

Crests of Curvature

Curvature which begins at the tip of canines and follows cusp tips of premolars and molars posteriorly

Embrasure

when adjacent teeth contact, the continuous space that surrounds each contact area can be divided into four somewhat triangular spaces

Contact Areas

Where two adjacent teeth touch

positive contact of all teeth within each arch solidifies the position of teeth within each arch.

When chewing, these contacts prevent food from being forced between the teeth where it could contribute to decay and gum and bone disease

Contact protects the thin interdental papillae of the gingiva by diverting food buccally and lingually.

Important Functions of Contact Areas:

anterior teeth

Teeth that contact area is on incisal edge.

canines

Teeth that contact area is on distal contact at middle ⅓

premolar

teeth thats contact area is on cervical junction of the occlusal and middle third

Posterior teeth

teeth thats contact area is on middle third

A

Stage of tooth development that is the bud stage

B

Stage of tooth development that is the cap stage

C

Stage of tooth development that is the bell stage

D and E

Stage of tooth development that is the dentinogenesis and amelogenesis stage

F

Stage of tooth development that is the crown formation stage

G

Stage of tooth development that is the root formation and eruption stage

H

Stage of tooth development in which the functional tooth is developed.

oral epithelial cells

underlying mesenchymal cells

In humans, primary and permanent teeth develop from interaction of the

the basic development process is similar for all teeth

Each developing tooth grows as an anatomically distinct unit, BUT

Oral epithelial cells

cells form the enamel

mesenchymal cells

developmental cells that form the dental papilla (dentin)

bud

cap

bell

teeth develop through the stages of

odontoblasts

amleoblasts

Hard tissue formative stages of dentinogenesis and amelogenesis produce

odontoblast

form dentin

amleoblasts

form enamel

cementoblasts

fibroblasts

Root formation follows crown development by

Cementoblasts

form cementum

fibroblasts

form periodontal ligament fibers

dentition

arch

side

type

Class

when documenting,

For each tooth you must record:

Universal Numbering System

Uses numbers 1 through 32 for the 32 teeth in the permanent dentition

FDI system

Uses two digits for each permanent or primary tooth. The first digit denotes a specific quadrant (right or left), arch (maxillary or mandibular), and dentition (permanent or primary)

Palmer notation System

used by many orthodontists, utilizes four different bracket shapes to denote each of the four quadrants. The specific bracket surrounds a number (or letter), which denotes the specific tooth within that quadrant.

Occlusion

Relationship between the upper and lower teeth when they close together or contact one another during movement or rest.

Class I

Ideal Occlusion, The mesiobuccal cusp of the maxillary first molar occludes in the mesiobuccal groove of the mandibular first molar.

Horizontal Overlap (class I)

incisal edges of the maxillary anterior teeth horizontally overlap the mandibular teeth so that the incisal edges of upper are labial to the incisal edges of the lower

Vertical Overlap (class I)

incisal edges of the maxillary anterior teeth extend below the incisal edges of the lower teeth so that the incisal of lower incisors are hidden

buccal

in class I occlusion,

Maxillary posterior teeth should be positioned just slightly _____ to mandibular posterior teeth

Labioversion/Buccoversion

A tooth that is out of alignment to the labial or buccal compared to the ideal arch form of other teeth if referring to a posterior tooth

Linguoversion

A tooth that is out of alignment to the lingual compared to other teeth in the arch

Torsiversion

A tooth that is twisted (rotated) around its tooth axis

Supraeruption/Extrusion

A tooth that is overerupted is abnormally long relative to the rest of the occlusal surfaces

Infraocclusion/Infraversion

If a tooth is abnormally short as opposed to the rest of the occlusal plane

Ankylosis

Fusion of cementum to bone

Anterior Crossbite (reverse articulation)

When mandibular anterior teeth are facial to maxillary anterior teeth

Severe Overbite

when maxillary incisors overlap mandibular incisors down to the level of the cervical lines of the mandibular incisors hiding them from view

Class II (disto-occlusion)

type of malocclusion where a person may have a mandible that is too small, or a maxilla too large, or both (22% of the population)

Class II Division 1 Disto-occlusion

a severe horizontal overjet of maxillary incisors labial to mandibular incisors and supra eruption of mandibular incisors.

Class II Division 2 Disto-occlusion

An incisor relationship where the maxillary central incisors are retruded with a severe lingual inclination, often with the lateral incisors inclined labially compared to the centrals - maxillary central incisors tilt to the lingual.

Class II Division 3 Mesio-Occlusion

when the mandibular dental arch is anterior (or mesial) to the maxillary dental arch

Eruption

Sequence

Facial Development

Growth

Occlusion is affected by:

Canine Rise

Describes the actual occlusal contact made during lateral excursion