Chapter 3: Communications vocab

Affinity seeking strategies

Behaviors designed to increase interpersonal attractiveness.

Affirmation

The communication of support and approval

Attribution of control

An impression formation process in which you evaluate behavior on the basis of the degree of control one had.

Blind self

In the Johari window model, this self represents all the things about yourself that others know of which you’re ignorant.

Consistency

A tendency to maintain balance in your perception of messages or people; Because of this process, you tend to see what you expect to see and to be uncomfortable when your perceptions run, contrary to expectations.

Credibility

Believability established by one’s competence, character, and charisma.

Fundamental attribution error

The tendency to overvalue and give added weight to the contribution of internal factors (ex: a persons personality) To behavior, and to undervalue and give less weight to the contributions of external factors ( ex: The situation the person is in or the surrounding events).

Halo effect

The tendency to generalize a persons, virtue or expertise from one area to other areas.

Hidden self

In the Johari window model, this self contains all that you know of yourself that you keep secret.

Image confirming strategies

Techniques you use to communicate or to confirm your self-image, the image you want others to see.

Imposter phenomenon

The tendency to disregard outward signs of success and to consider oneself and “Impostor”, A fake, a fraud, one who doesn’t really deserve to be considered successful.

Impression formation

The process by which you perceived another person and ultimately come to some kind of evaluation or interpretation of this person.

Impression management

The process you go through to communicate the impression you want the other person to have of you. Some writers use the term self presentation or identity management.

Influencing strategies

Strategies designed to influence the attitudes or behaviors of others.

Interpretation evaluation

A step in perception that is influenced by experiences, needs, once, values, and beliefs about the way things are or should be.

Negative face

The desire to be autonomous, to have the right to do as you wish.

Open self

In the Jahari window model, this self represents all the information, behaviors, attitudes, feelings, desires, motivations, and ideas that you and others know.

Overattribution

The tendency to attribute to one or two characteristics most or even all of what a person does.

Perception

The process by which you become aware of objects and events through your senses.

Perception checking

The process of verifying your understanding of some message, situation, or feeling.

Perceptual accentuation

The process that leads you to see what you expect or want to see. For example, seeing people you like as better looking and smarter than people you don’t like.

Personality theory

A theory of personality, complete with rules about what characteristic’s go with what other characteristics, that you maintain and through which you perceive others.

Politeness strategies

Strategies that are often used to make ourselves appear likable, in terms of negative and positive types.

Positive face

The desire to be viewed positively by others, to be thought of favorably.

Primary effect

Giving more importance to that which occurs first, instead of that which occurs last or more recently. Opposite of recency effect.

Primacy- recency

Impression formation processes referring to the influence of first perceptions ( primacy) and of last perceptions (recency).

Pygmalion effect

The condition in which you make a prediction of success, act as if it is true, and thereby make it come true. (for example, acting toward Students as if they’ll be successful, influences them to become successful) A type of self fulfilling prophecy.

Recall

The perception stage that involves accessing the information stored in memory.

Recency effect

Impression formation processes referring to the influence of last perceptions (recency)

Reverse halo effect “horns effect”

The tendency to judge a person you know to have several negative qualities also to have other negative qualities (That you have not observed); Also known as the horns effect.

Rule of contrast

A principle of perception that holds the items that are very Distinct from each other are seen as separate and not belonging to the same group.

Rule of proximity

As a principle of perception, the tendency to perceive people or events that are physically close as belonging together or representing some unit; Physical closeness— One of the qualities influencing interpersonal attraction.

Rule of similarity

Principle of attraction holding that you’re attracted to quality similar to your own and to people who are similar to you. Opposite of complementarity.

Schema

A way of organizing your perceptions. See schemata.

Schemata

Ways of organizing perceptions; Mental templates or structures that help you organize the millions of items of information you come into contact with every day as well as those you already have in memory; General idea, ideas about groups of people or individuals, about yourself, or about types of social roles. The word schemata is the plural of schema.

Script

A type of schema; An organized body of information about some action, event, or procedure. A script provides a general idea of how some event should play out or unfold, the rules governing the events and their sequence.

Selective attention

The tendency to attend to those things that you want to see or that you expect to see.

Selective exposure

The tendency to expose your senses to certain things, and not others, to actively seek out information that supports your beliefs and to actively avoid information that contradicts these beliefs.

Selective perception

The tendency to perceive certain things and not others; Include selective attention and selective exposure.

Self-awareness

The degree to which you know yourself

Self-concept

Your self image, the view you have of who you are.

Self-deprecating strategies

Techniques you used to signal your inability to do some task or your incompetence in order to encourage another to help you out.

Self-destructive beliefs

Beliefs that create problems; often beliefs that are unrealistic and set goals that are impossible to achieve.

Self-esteem

The value (Usually, the Positive value) You place on yourself; Your self-evaluation.

Self fulfilling prophecy

The situation in which you make a prediction or prophecy and fulfill it yourself. For example, expecting a person to be hostile, you act in a hostile manner toward this person and, and doing so, elicit hostile behavior in the person, thus confirming your prophecy that the person will be hostile.

Self-handicapping strategies

Techniques you used to excuse possible failure, for example, setting up barriers or obstacles to make the task impossible so that, when you fail, you won’t be blamed or thought in effective.

Self Monitoring strategies

Manipulating the image you present to others in interpersonal interactions to create the most favorable impression of yourself.

Self-serving bias

A bias that operates in the self attribution process, leading you to take credit for the positive consequences of your behaviors and the deny responsibility of the negative consequences.

Unknown self

In the Johari window model, this self represents truth about yourself that neither you nor others know.