Processes of memory

Encoding, storage and retrieval, different types of long-terms memory.

Encoding

The process by which an environmental cue is interpreted by one of the five senses

Environmental cue

Any stimulus that can be perceived by the senses and can trigger memory retrieval.

Senses

Sight, sound, touch, smell, taste

Memory trace

Created when specific stimuli are encountered

Visual encoding

• An image is detected or observed

• The image consists of colour/shape/pattern etc.

• The mind converts this visual image to a form which can be understood e.g. a cat, a football, a rocket

Acoustic encoding

• A sound is detected/heard

• The sound consists of words/tone/volume etc.

• The mind converts this acoustic sound to a form which can be understood e.g. laughter, birdsong, a violin

Semantic encoding

• Meaning is derived from a stimulus

• Semantic encoding can include knowing the meaning of words, concepts, ideas, definitions, dates etc.

Elaborative encoding

Relating new information to existing knowledge i.e. memory depends on linking old and new information e.g. revising for an exam

Storage

Where information is held and kept in the memory after it has been encoded

Short-term memory

Has a duration of 15-30 seconds

Long-term memory

Information will pass here from short-term memory if it is rehearsed, and will stay memorized for a very long time

Retrieval (Output)

Recovery of stored information. To be retrieved a memory has to be accessible and/or available.

Accessible memory

Something that is easy and quick to recall

Available memory

Something that is stored in long-term memory but may not be easy or quick to recall

Cued recall

Type of retrieval.