AP Geography Unit:2

Demography

Scientific study of population characteristics

Overpopulation

Occurs when number of people exceeds the capacity of the environment

Census

Important data source for statistical data

Ecumene

Permanent human settlement on Earth

Arithmetic Density

Total number of objects in an area

(Total number of people divided by total land area)

Physiological Density

Number of people supported by a unit area of arable land

Agricultural Density

ratio of number of farmers to amount of arable land

Crude Birth Rate (CBR)

total number of live births in a year for every 1,00 people alive in the society

Crude Death Rate (CDR)

total number of deaths in a year for every 1,000 people alive in the society

Natural Increase Rate (NIR)

percentage that the population grows each year (CBR - CDR)

Doubling Time

number of years needed to double the population assuming a constant rate of natural increase.

Total Fertility Rate (TFR)

number of births in a society

(Average number of children a women will have in her childbearing years 15-49)

Population Pyramid

Display on a bar graph of a country’s population structure

Dependency Ratio

number of people who are too old or young to work (larger the number, the greater financial burden)

Sex Ratio

number of males per 100 females in a population

Population Density

Measure of average population per square mile

Population Distribution

Pattern of human settlement

Midlatitudes

Where most people live (30°N - 60°N or 30°S - 60°S)

Low-Lying Areas

People live here for better soil for crops and the ocean or water might be by it

Fresh Water

People live near lakes, rivers, fresh water to drink or use for crops

Other Resources

People love other natural resources like forests and minerals

Social Stratification

Division of people into groups based on factors like economic status, power, ethnicity, religion

Carrying capacity

The population an area can support without significant environmental deterioration

Redistricting

Adjusting political boundaries every ten years cause of changing populations

Highest Population clusters

East Asia, South Asia, Southeast Asia, Europe

Non-ecumene

Places that aren’t inhabited by people

Arable land

Land suited for agriculture 

Cohorts

In population pyramids - age groups

Birth Deficit

Slow down of births, normally cause of a war / conflict

Baby Boom

When the birth rate spikes and increases mostly after war and conflict end

Baby Bust

After a baby boom, birth rates tend to drop a little

Echo

increase in births that reflect an earlier baby boom

Potential Workforce

group (15-64) expected to work for society

Dependent Population

People over 64 or under 15 that don’t work full time

Anit-natalist Policies

Government policies to decrease births

Pro-natalist Policies

government policies to increase births

Life expectancy

Number of years an average person will live in an area

Infant Mortality Rate

Number of children who die before their first birthday (Children who die / number of live babies)

Demographic Transition Model

5 typical stages of population change that countries pass through as they modernize

Stage 1. High stationary

High birth rates, High death rates, Low population change, scattered isolated groups

Stage 2. Early Expanding

Birth rates high, Death rates rapidly declining, rapid growth, Mali and South Sudan

Stage 3. Late Expanding

Birth Rates Declining, Death rates Declining, Rapid but declining growth, Mexico, Turkey, Indonesia 

Stage 4. Low stationary

Birth Rates low, Death rates low, Very low growth or negative, United States and China

Stage 5. Declining

Births so low deaths outnumber them, very low declining growth, Japan and Germany

Expansive Population Pyramid

Population pyramid with high birth rate and low life expectancy

Stationary Population Pyramid

A population that isn’t growing or shrinking much

Immigrants

People who move into a country

Emigrants

People who move out of a country

Demographic Balancing Equation

A country’s total population change including immigrants and emigrants

(Total population = Births - Deaths + Immigrants - Emigrnats)

Epidemiological Transition Model

Predictable stages in disease and life expectancy that countries experience as they develop 

Malthosion Therory

That population grows exponentially and food grows arithmetically so at some point their would be mass starvation when need gets greater that production

Neo - Malthusians

People that disagree with Malthusions, byt still believe population is a big problem