TCW 2 Historical Foundations and Development of Globalization

Nation

• A people who feel they share a common identity and belong together.

• Usually connected by shared identity, history, language, and culture.

State

A political entity with:

• Defined territory

• Stable population

• Government

• International recognition

Nation-State

A state formed when people sharing historical, cultural, or linguistic roots establish their own:

• borders

• government

• internationally recognized state

Sovereignty

The ultimate power, authority, and independence of a state to govern itself without external interference.

Nationalism

An ideology where loyalty and devotion to the nation-state are placed above other individual or group interests.

Colonialism

The economic, political, and social domination of people within a territory by another country.

Neocolonialism

The indirect control of less developed, nominally independent countries by powerful nations.

Treaty of Westphalia — 1648

The Thirty Years' War (1618–1648) was largely a religious conflict involving Catholic and Protestant states in the Holy Roman Empire.

It caused:

• destruction and suffering

• struggles for sovereignty

• struggles over land and political power

Treaty of Westphalia

Remember:

Westphalia = Sovereignty + Nation-State + Territorial Integrity + Balance of Power

Ended the Thirty Years' War and established:

• State sovereignty

• Territorial integrity

• Sovereign nation-states as primary actors in international relations

• Balance of power

Important consequence

Political and religious authority shifted from the empire to sovereign rulers.

The treaty helped establish the foundation of the modern international system.

Globalization and Westphalian sovereignty

Globalization later challenged some aspects of sovereignty because issues such as:

• human rights

• environmental protection

• transnational threats

cross national borders and require international cooperation.

___ = Sovereignty + Nation-State + Territorial Integrity + Balance of Power

Age of Exploration

Mainly during the 15th and 16th centuries.

European powers expanded maritime exploration and established colonial empires.

Important technological developments

• Compass

• Astrolabe

• Improved shipbuilding

• Cartography

These made long-distance sea voyages more feasible.

1. Economic

2. Political

3. Religous

4. National/Cultural

Main motivations for colonialism (4)

Industrial Revolution
Industrial Revolution = mechanization + mass production + transportation + communication + urbanization + global trade.

Period

Late 18th to early 19th centuries

It began in Great Britain and spread to Europe and the United States.

Major developments

• Mechanized textile production

• Factory-based industries

• Iron and steel industries

• Mass production

= mechanization + mass production + transportation + communication + urbanization + global trade.

RISE OF CAPITALISM AND GLOBAL TRADE 19th century

The Industrial Revolution increased production, while capitalism encouraged:

• Industrial growth

• Investment

• International trade

Global trade increased interconnectedness, but industrialized countries that dominated trade also gained greater economic and geopolitical influence.

World War I

Major effects:

• Massive casualties

• Economic and social upheaval

• Collapse of the Austro-Hungarian Empire

• Collapse of the Ottoman Empire

• Collapse of the Russian Empire

• Emergence of new nations

Treaty of Versailles — 1919

Officially ended World War I.

However, its harsh reparations imposed on Germany contributed to resentment and economic instability.

Interwar Period — 1919–1939

Characterized by:

• Nationalism

• Isolationism

• Economic nationalism

• Protectionism

• Weakened international cooperation

Great Depression — 1930s

Countries responded by imposing:

• Tariffs

• Trade barriers

This reduced:

• Global trade

• Economic integration

• International cooperation

Rise of totalitarian regimes

Examples:

• Nazi Germany — Adolf Hitler

• Fascist Italy — Benito Mussolini

Their expansionist policies and militarization contributed to tensions leading to World War II.

LEAGUE OF NATIONS — 1920

Created after World War I because countries wanted:

• Peace

• International cooperation

• Collective security

• Peaceful dispute resolution

Woodrow Wilson

Proposed the Fourteen Points, emphasizing:

• Self-determination

• Collective security

Functions

The League promoted:

• Peace

• Diplomacy

• International dispute resolution

• Public health

• Humanitarian assistance

• Protection of minority groups

Major weakness

It failed to prevent World War II.

Legacy

It introduced the important concept of collective security and influenced the later creation of the United Nations.

Woodrow Wilson

Proposed the Fourteen Points, emphasizing:

• Self-determination

• Collective security

Allied Powers

• United States

• Soviet Union

• United Kingdom

• Allies

Axis Powers

• Germany

• Italy

• Japan

WWII caused:

• Massive destruction

• Economic devastation

• Millions of deaths

• Holocaust

• Use of nuclear weapons

These experiences demonstrated the need for a stronger international system.

League of Nations

→collective security

United Nations

→ stronger international cooperation.

Cold War

increased global connections while simultaneously creating geopolitical divisions and inequalities

was an intense rivalry between:

United States

• Capitalism

• Liberal democracy

Soviet Union

• Socialism

• Centrally planned economy

The Cold War

1991 — Post-Cold War

Soviet dissolution; rapid globalization