radi 106- skull exam

how many bones make up the cranium

8

what is the part of the skull that surrounds and protects the brain

cranium

how many bones make up the facial bones

14

what is the anterior and inferior portion of the brain case

facial bones

what two parts is the cranium divided into

calvarium, floor

what 4 bones make up the calvarium

frontal, parietals, occipital

what 4 bones make up the floor

temporals, sphenoid, ethmoid

what bone forms the forehead and the superior part of each orbit, articulates with four cranial bones

frontal

what are the two parts of the frontal bone

squamous/vertical, orbital/horizontal

what is the smooth raised prominence between the eyebrows

glabella

what is the slight depression above each eyebrow

supraorbital groove

what is the superior rim of orbit

supraorbital margin

what is a foramen within the supraorbital margin, slightly medial to midline

supraorbital notch

what is the ridge of bone beneath each eyebrow

superciliary ridge

what is located on each side of squamous portion above the supraorbital groove

frontal tuberosity

what part of the frontal bone do the glabella, supraorbital groove, supraorbital margin, supraorbital notch, superciliary ridge, and frontal tuberosity belong to

squamous

what forms the superior portion of each orbit

orbital plate

what separates each orbital plate and is where the ethmoid fits

ethmoid notch

what is the anterior end of the ethmoid notch

nasal spine

what part of the frontal bone do the orbital plate, ethmoid notch, and nasal spine belong to

orbital

what form the lateral walls of the cranium as well as part of the roof, square in shape and have a concave inner surface, each articulate with 5 cranial bones

parietal bones

what is the widest portion of the skull

between the two parietal tubercles

what forms the inferoposterior portion of the skull cap

occipital bone

what is the rounded portion of the occipital bone

squamous

what is the prominent bump on the occipital bone

external occipital protuberance, inion

what is the large opening at the base of the occipital bone

foramen magnum

what are oval processes with convex surfaces located on each side of the foramen magnum, articulate with the atlas

occipital condyles

what house the organs of hearing and balance and is divided into three parts

temporal bone

what are the three parts of the temporal bone

squamous, mastoid, petrous

what is the thinnest part of the skull

squamous portion of temporal bone

what part of the temporal bone has many air cells

mastoid portion

what part of the temporal bone is where the organs of hearing and balance are housed

petrous portion

what is the thickest and most dense portion of all the cranial bones

petrous portion

what is the upper border of the petrous portion called

petrous ridge

what meets with the temporal process of the zygomatic bone to form the zygomatic arch

zygomatic process

where does the mandible fit to form the tmj

temporomandibular fossa

what serves as an anchor point for several muscles associated with the tongue and larynx

styloid process

what bone do the zygomatic process, eam, temporomandibular fossa, styloid process, and iam belong to

temporal

what is centrally located, the anchor for all eight cranial bones, shape is compared to a bat in flight

sphenoid bone

what part of the sphenoid looks like a saddle and partially surrounds the pituitary gland

sella turcica

what are the two hooklike endings on each medial pterygoid process

pterygoid hamuli

what do the sella turcica, dorsum sellae, clivus, lesser wings, greater wings, two anterior clinoid processes, two posterior clinoid processes, optic groove, optic foramen, lateral and medial pterygoid processes, and pterygoid hamuli belong to

sphenoid

what lies primarily below the floor of the cranium and contains many small foramina through which the nerves of smell pass

ethmoid

what contains many small openings of foramina through which segmental branches of the olfactory nerves pass

cribriform plate

what projects superiorly from the cribriform plate

crista galli

what helps form the nasal septum

perpendicular plate

what contain the ethmoid air cells (sinuses)

lateral labyrinths

what do the cribriform plate, crista galli, perpendicular plate, and two lateral labyrinths belong to

ethmoid

what is the anterior end of the sagittal suture

bregma

what is the posterior end of the sagittal suture

lambda

what is the point of junction of the frontal, parietal, temporal, and the greater wings of the sphenoid

pterion

what are points posterior to the ear where the squamosal and lambdoidal sutures meet

asterion

what are certain regions where sutures join slower in their ossification, membrane covered openings

fontanels

what is the largest fontanel

anterior

how many fontanels does an infant have

6

what are all the fontanels

anterior, posterior, r/l sphenoid, r/l mastoid

what type of skull is the average skull

mesocephalic

what type of skull is short and broad

brachycephalic

what type of skull is long and narrow

dolichocephalic

what is a line connecting the outer canthi of the pt’s eyes

interpupillary line

what represents the highest level of facial bone mass

depression above superciliary ridge

what is the depression at the bridge of the nose

nasion

what is the midline point where the upper lip and nose meet

acanthion

what is the lower posterior angle of each side of the mandible

angle, gonion

what is the junction of the upper and lower eyelids (outer and inner)

canthus

what is gml

glabellomeatal line

what is oml

orbitomeatal line

what is ioml

infraorbitomeatal line

what is aml

acanthiomeatal line

what is lml

lips-meatal line

what is mml

mentomeatal line

what are the two most common mistakes techs make

rotation, tilt

what are the five most common positioning errors

rotation, tilt, overflexion, overextention, wrong cr angle

what is the tube angle for ap axial townes if you use the oml

30 caudad

what is the tube angle for ap axial townes if you use the ioml

37 caudad

what is the cr for ap axial townes

2.5 in above glabella

what is demonstrated on a ap axial townes

dorsum sellae through foramen magnum

what is the cr for lateral skull

2 in above eam

what is the only projection where the film is crosswise

lateral

the ioml is perp or parallel to ir for lateral skull

parallel

the ipl is perp or parallel to ir for lateral skull

perp

how do you know if you have a good lateral

anterior and posterior clinoid processes are superimposed

where does the cr exit for pa skull

glabella

when doing any pa projection, what is perpendicular to the ir

oml

what does the pa skull demonstrate

petrous ridges filling orbits

what is the difference between ap and pa skulls on a radiograph

ap orbits are larger

what is the other name for submentovertex projection

full basal

where is the cr for smv projection

¾ in above eam

the ioml is parallel or perp to ir for full basal projection

parallel

what is the tube angle for pa caldwell

15 caudad

where does the cr exit for pa axial caldwell

nasion

what does the pa axial caldwell demonstrate

petrous ridges in lower 1/3 of orbits

why do we perform pa axial haas projections

cant do townes

what is the tube angle for pa axial haas views

25 cephalad

where does the cr exit for pa axial haas views

0.5 in above nasion

what does the pa axial haas view demonstrate

dorsum sellae through foramen magnum

where does the cr pass through for pa axial haas

eam

what is the technique for ap axial townes, pa axial haas, and smv

75kvp, 28mas

what is the technique for lateral, pa, and pa axial caldwell

75kvp, 18mas

what is the articulation between the skull and the c-spine

atlantoccipital joint