AP Physics I 2-Question Quiz

1. Explain how average velocity and average speed are different.

a. Average velocity is DISPLACEMENT/time
b. Average speed is DISTANCE/time

What is the difference between instantaneous velocity and instantaneous speed

a. Velocity is a VECTOR quantity
b. Speed is a SCALAR quantity (absolute value of inst. Velocity)

How to find velocity of a position vs. time graph

a. SLOPE=velocity

What can you get from the slope of the position vs. time^2 graph when initial velocity is 0

a. The slope is 1/2a (Acceleration)

How to find ACCELERATION from velocity vs. time graph

a. Using the SLOPE

How to find DISPLACEMENT from velocity vs. time graph

a. Finding the AREA UNDER THE CURVE

How to find TOTAL DISTANCE TRAVELED from velocity vs. time graph

a. ADDING together the ABSOLUTE value of the areas under the curve

How to find CHANGE IN VELOCITY from acceleration vs. time graph

a. Using the AREA UNDER THE CURVE

How to find the time when the object passes through the initial position after t=0 from velocity vs. time graph

a. When the area under the curve equals ZERO or when the POSITIVE area under the curve and the NEGATIVE area under the curve are EQUAL

How to draw line of best fit

a. A SINGLE STRAIGHT LINE that has approximately an EQUAL number of points on either side

Describe VERTICAL velocity and acceleration in projectile motion as object goes UP and DOWN

a. Vertical velocity DECREASES on the way UP and the ABSOLUTE velocity INCREASES on the way DOWN. Acceleration should be gravity pointing DOWN

Describe HORIZONTAL velocity and acceleration in projectile motion

a. The horizontal velocity should be CONSTANT and acceleration should be ZERO

What is the difference between static friction and kinetic friction? What coefficient is greater

a. Static friction is experienced when the object is NOT moving. Kinetic friction is the force that OPPOSES the motion when the object is moving. The coefficient of STATIC FRICTION is GREATER

What quantity gives the measure of the translational (linear) inertia of an object

a. MASS

An object acted upon by a net force will always experience an ___________, whichmeans it will either ___, ____, and/or ______.

An object acted upon by net force will always experience an ACCELERATION, which means it will SPEED UP, SLOW DOWN, OR CHANGE DIRECTION

A force parallel to the velocity of an object makes it ________. A force perpendicularto the velocity of an object, makes it ________

A force PARALLEL to the velocity of an object makes it SPEED UP OR SLOW DOWN. A force PERPENDICULAR to velocity makes it CHANGE DIRECTION

Describe velocity, acceleration, and net force when an object is in translational equilibrium

a. Net force and acceleration=ZERO
b. Velocity is constant or equals ZERO

List three fundamental forces in nature in terms of their magnitude from the weakest to strongest

a. GRAVITATIONAL, ELECTROMAGNETIC, NUCLEAR

List three fundamental forces in nature in terms of range from short to long

a. NUCLEAR, ELECTROMAGNETIC, GRAVITATIONAL

Two or more objects moving together (pulled by a rope of pushing each other) sharethe same ____

Two or more objects moving together share the same ABSOLUTE VELOCITY and ABSOLUTE ACCELERATION

The normal force is always ______________ to the surface

The normal force is always PERPENDICULAR to the surface

The friction force always ____ the motion (or the intent of motion). and is proportional to the ___ force.

The friction force always OPPOSITE the motion and is proportional to the NORMAL force

When the force applied is less than the maximum static force of friction, the magnitude of the force of friction equals _______ and the acceleration equals ______.

When the force applied is LESS than the max static force friction, the magnitude of the force of friction equals APPLIED FORCE and the acceleration equals ZERO

Given an object on an incline, list the components of its weight parallel andperpendicular to the plane.

a. PARALLEL= mgSIN
b. PERPENDICULAR= mgCOS

According to Hooke's Law, the force needed to stretch (or compress) a spring dependson_______.

According to Hooke's Law the force needed to stretch a spring depends on the SPRING CONSTANT (K) and the DISTANCE STRETCHED (x)

What does Centripetal mean and what quantities are centripetal in circular motion

a. Centripetal means POINTING TOWARDS THE CENTER
b. The quantities are FC and AC

In UCM are centripetal acceleration, centripetal force, and tangential velocity constant? Justify your answer.

a. NOT CONSTANT because the DIRECTION is always CHANGING

In UCM, the centripetal force is proportional to______ and inversely proportional to______.

In UCM the centripetal force is PROPORTIONAL to the MASS of the object and VELOCITY SQUARED and inversely proportional to R

The gravitational force between two objects is proportional to_____ and inversely proportional to _____.

The gravitational force between two objects is PROPORTIONAL to the MASSES of the object and INVERSELY proportional to the DISTANCE BETWEEN THEM SQUARED (R^2)

Given a Force vs. Distance graph, how do you find the work done by it?

a. Using AREA UNDER THE CURVE

Given a Net-Force vs. Distance graph, how do you find the change in Kinetic Energy?

a. Using AREA UNDER THE CURVE

What is a conservative force? give an example

a. A force with WORK that is INDEPENDENT of the path taken by the object GRAVITY

Ex. Gravitational force

What is a nonconservative force? give an example

a. A force with WORK that is DEPENDENT of the path taken by the object FRICTION

Ex. Friction force

Considering mechanical energy, when is a system OPEN or CLOSED?

a. An OPEN system HAS EXTERNAL forces
b. A CLOSED system has NO EXTERNAL forces

Can a force PERPENDICULAR to the motion of an object do work on it?

a. NO because it will not affect the motion because the angle is 90 degrees and the cos of 90 is ZERO

The translational (linear) kinetic energy of an object is proportional to________

.The translational kinetic energy of an object is PROPORTIONAL to MASS and V^2

The gravitational potential energy of an object is proportional to________.

The gravitational potential energy of an object is PROPORTIONAL to MASS, GRAVITY FIELD, and HEIGHT

You are given the equation ab=k, and several values of "a" and "b". You label the y-axis ____ and the x-axis ____ so the slope of the line allows you to find k. Note: thereis more than one correct answer to this question.

Given ab=k label the X-AXIS 1/b and the Y-AXIS a so the slope of the line=k

You are given the equation a=kb^2, and several values of "a" and "b". You label the y-axis ____ and the x-axis ____ so the slope of the line allows you to find k. Note: thereis more than one correct answer to this question.

Given a=kb^2 label the X-AXIS b^2 and the Y-AXIS a so the slope =k

The elastic potential energy of an object is proportional to________

The elastic potential energy of an object is PROPORTIONAL to SPRING CONSTANT of K and the SQUARE of the CHANGE IN LENGTH (x^2)

Define power in your own words.

Power is the RATE at which WORK is done

In all collisions, _______ and ______ are conserved. Kinetic energy is conserved only in _______ collisions.

Momentum of the system (p) and Velocity of center of mass (V_cm). Kinetic energy is conserved only in perfectly elastic collisions.

Considering momentum, when is a system open? When is it closed?

A system is open when an external force acts on it, ∑F≠0.

A system is closed when no external forces act on it, ∑F=0.

What is the guarantee of a perfectly inelastic collision? What is the only guarantee of a perfectly elastic collision?

Perfectly inelastic: Objects stick together after the collision.
Perfectly elastic: Kinetic energy is conserved.

The linear momentum of a system is conserved when the _______ is zero. When that happens, ________ is also conserved.

The net external force is zero.
Total momentum is conserved.

Given a Force vs. Time graph, how do you find impulse?

The impulse is equal to the area under the Force vs. Time graph

Given a Force vs. Time graph, how do you find change in momentum?

The change in momentum is equal to the impulse, which is the area under the Force vs. Time graph.

What does the slope of the Momentum vs. Time graph represent?

The net force acting on the object.

The period of oscillation of a simple pendulum is proportional to _________________.

The square root of the length of the pendulum (T = 2π√(L/g))

The period of oscillation of a spring-mass system is proportional to _______________.

The square root of the mass and inversely proportional to the square root of the spring constant1 (T = 2π√(m/k)).

Where does an object in SHM experience the maximum acceleration? Ends or equilibrium position?

Ends

Where does an object in SHM experience the maximum potential energy? Ends or equilibrium position?

Ends

Where does an object in SHM experience the maximum kinetic energy? Ends or equilibrium position?

Equilibrium position.

Where does an object in SHM experience the maximum restoring force? Ends or equilibrium position?

Ends.

Where does an object in SHM experience zero restoring force? Ends or equilibrium position?

Equilibrium position.

What does rotational inertia (moment of inertia) depend on?

The mass of the object and the distribution of that mass relative to the axis of rotation.

What are the two conditions for a force to be considered a "restoring force

Points towards equilibrium.

It is proportional to the displacement from the equilibrium position.

The angular momentum of a point of mass with linear velocity is proportional to _____

mass, linear velocity, and perpendicular radius from an axis to the line of the object's motion

An object acted upon by a net torque will always experience an___________.

Angular acceleration.

. Describe angular velocity, angular acceleration, and net torque, when an object is in rotational equilibrium.

Angular velocity is constant, angular acceleration is zero, and net torque is zero.

When does a force NOT produce torque?

When r=0 (radius)

What are the rotational-equivalents of x, v, a, m and F?

x (linear displacement) → θ (angular displacement) ● v (linear velocity) → ω (angular velocity) ● a (linear acceleration) → α (angular acceleration) ● m (mass) → I (rotational inertia/moment of inertia) ● F (force) → τ (torque)

Given an angular velocity vs. time graph, how do you find angular acceleration?

The angular acceleration is the slope of the angular velocity vs. time graph.

Given an angular velocity vs. time graph, how do you find angular displacement

The angular displacement is the area under the angular velocity vs. time graph.

Given an angular velocity vs. time graph, how do you find total angular distance traveled?

The total area under the absolute value of the angular velocity vs time graph

Given angular acceleration vs. time graph, how do you find change in angular velocity?

The change in angular velocity is the area under the angular acceleration vs time graph.

What does the rotational kinetic energy of an object depend on?

The rotational inertia (moment of inertia) and the square of the angular velocity (KE_rot = 1/2 Iω²).

Given a Torque vs. Angular Displacement graph, how do you find the rotational work done?

The rotational work done is the area under the Torque vs. Angular Displacement graph.

Given a net-torque vs. angular displacement graph, how do you find the change in rotational kinetic energy?

The change in rotational kinetic energy is equal to the rotational work done, which is the area under the net-torque vs. angular displacement graph.

What is the condition for conservation of angular momentum?

The net external torque acting on the system is zero.

The Rotational (angular) Impulse is proportional to______

the change in angular momentum. (Tt)

The Rotational (angular) Momentum is proportional to_______.

Rotational inertia (I) and angular velocity (ω). (Angular momentum L = Iω)

Given a Torque vs. Time graph, how do you find change in angular momentum?

The change in angular momentum is equal to the area under the Torque vs. Time graph. (This is the rotational impulse)

List the SI units of linear: displacement, velocity, acceleration, mass, force, and spring constant.

Displacement: meters (m)

Velocity: meters per second (m/s)

Acceleration: meters per second squared (m/s²)

Mass: kilograms (kg)

Force: Newtons (N)

Spring constant: Newtons per meter (N/m)

List the SI units of: angular displacement, angular velocity, angular acceleration, rotational inertia, and torque.

Angular displacement: radians (rad)

Angular velocity: radians per second (rad/s)

Angular acceleration: radians per second squared (rad/s²)

Rotational inertia: kilogram meter squared (kg⋅m²)

Torque: Newton meters (N⋅m)

List the SI units of linear: impulse, momentum, work & energy, and power.

Linear impulse: Newton seconds (N⋅s)

Linear momentum: kilogram meters per second (kg⋅m/s)

Work & energy: Joules (J) (N⋅m)

Power: Watts (W) (J/s)

List the SI units of rotational: impulse, momentum, work & kinetic energy, and power.

Rotational Impulse: Newton meter seconds (N⋅m⋅s)

Rotational momentum: kilogram meter squared per second (kg⋅m²/s)

Rotational work & kinetic energy: Joules (J) (N⋅m)

Rotational power: Watts (W) (J/s)

What does gauge pressure depend on?

The depth of the fluid and the density of the fluid. (P_gauge = ρgh)

What is the difference between gauge pressure and absolute pressure?

Gauge pressure is the pressure relative to atmospheric pressure.
Absolute pressure is the total pressure, including atmospheric pressure. (P_absolute = P_gauge+ P_atmospheric)

What does the buoyant force depend on?

The weight of the fluid displaced by the object. (Archimedes' Principle)
More specifically, the density of the fluid, the volume of the displaced fluid, and the acceleration due to gravity.

According to the principle of continuity, as the cross section area of a pipe increases, the volume flow-rate ________ (increases, decreases, stays constant).

Stays constant. (A₁v₁ = A₂v₂) The fluid velocity will decrease, but the volumetric flow rate remains the same.

Bernoulli's equation represents conservation of __________ for fluids.

Energy

What three assumptions are made when deriving Bernoulli's equation?

The fluid is incompressible.
The fluid is non-viscous (no internal friction).
The flow is steady (laminar, not turbulent).

What extra three assumptions (in addition to Bernoulli's equation) are made when deriving Torricelli's equation?

The fluid is open to the atmosphere at the top surface.
The velocity of the fluid at the top surface is negligible.
The fluid is exiting through a small hole.

The ratio of the volume submerged to the total volume of an object is equal to ______.

The ratio of the density of the object to the density of the fluid. (ρ_object / ρ_fluid)