A&P Ch. 21 Lecture Assignment

Transcellular fluid includes the water and electrolytes in the

-cerebrospinal fluid.

-aqueous and vitreous humors of the eyes.

-synovial fluid of the joints.

-serous fluid in body cavities.

all of the above

The ratio of intracellular to extracellular fluids in the body of an average male is

2:1

Water intoxication causes

low blood sodium

The primary stimulus for the secretion of aldosterone is

rising potassium concentration

Acidosis is a pH of arterial blood

below 7.35

When sodium ions are reabsorbed in response to the action of aldosterone, potassium ions are

secreted

A strong acid is one that _____ and an example is _____.

ionizes more completely; HC1

ADH level in nephrons regulates water output by causing the _____.

distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct to reabsorb more or less water

Water balance and electrolyte balance are interdependent because

electrolytes are dissolved in water.

Extracellular fluids have relatively

high sodium and low potassium concentrations

Which of the following would be most helpful in treating hypocalcemia?

Administering high doses of vitamin D and calcium salts

Which of the following is a physiological buffer?

Renal mechanism

Water of metabolism is

a by-product of the oxidative metabolism of nutrients.

A person in a moderate environment would lose the greatest volume of water in

urine

Which of the following most closely represents the percentage of water by weight in an adult male?

65%

Hypernatremia

-can be caused by high fever

-can be caused by low levels of ADH.

-causes confusion, stupor, and coma.

-is high sodium concentration

all of the above

Compared to the average adult male, the average adult female has

less water and more adipose tissue.

People who are at high risk for heatstroke include

athletes who exercise in high heat, soldiers in the desert, the very young and the very old.

Which is the largest compartment of extracellular water?

Interstitial fluid

Which of the following metabolic processes releases hydrogen ions to body fluids?

-Anaerobic respiration of glucose

-Aerobic respiration of glucose

-Incomplete oxidation of fatty acids

-Oxidation of sulfur-containing amino acids

all of the above

The part of an amino acid that is important in the protein buffer system is the

the amino and carboxyl groups

Dehydration is caused by

-excessive sweating.

-prolonged water deprivation.

-prolonged vomiting.

-prolonged diarrhea.

all of the above

Respiratory alkalosis can be

compensated for by a decreased respiratory rate

Acid-base buffer systems minimize pH changes by

converting strong acids to weak acids.

The technical term for water intoxication is

hyponatremia

Diabetes mellitus, in which fatty acids react to produce ketone bodies, leads to

metabolic acidosis.

The respiratory center is most likely to increase the breathing rate if the

pH of body fluids is decreasing

Hyponatremia is

more likely in runners who are in a long race, have an extreme body mass index, and drink a great deal during the event.

Addison's disease is characterized by

aldosterone deficiency and loss of extracellular sodium.

Alkalosis is a pH of arterial blood

above 7.45

Metabolic alkalosis may be caused by

-prolonged vomiting.

-taking too many antacids.

-taking diuretics.

-gastric lavage ("stomach pumping")

all of the above

Hyperventilation leads to

respiratory alkalosis

Hyperkalemia can be caused by

-renal disease, which reduces potassium excretion.

-drugs that promote renal conservation of potassium.

-insufficient secretion of aldosterone.

-a shift of potassium from the intracellular fluid to the extracellular fluid.

all of the above

Marielle is very thirsty following her tennis game. She drinks for a few minutes, then stops. The stimulus to stop drinking comes from

distension of her stomach.

A person usually drinks about ____ milliliters a day.

2,500

Metabolic acidosis can be

compensated for by an increased breathing rate and depth.

The phosphate buffer system consists of

monohydrogen phosphate and dihydrogen phosphate

The thirst center is located in the

hypothalamus

The buffer system in blood is formed by

hemoglobin binding hydrogen ions in red blood cells.

Intracellular fluids have high concentrations of

potassium and phosphate

If excess water enters the body,

osmoreceptors in the brain swell.

The hormone aldosterone promotes the

reabsorption of sodium

Effects of hypokalemia include

muscle weakness

The thirst center in the hypothalamus is stimulated by _____ of the extracellular fluid, and is inhibited by _____.

an increase in the osmotic pressure; distension of the stomach by water

Prolonged vomiting, in which only the stomach contents are lost, leads to

metabolic alkalosis

Ingestion of too much sodium bicarbonate to relieve indigestion may lead to

metabolic alkalosis

Edema is

abnormal accumulation of extracellular fluid.

Symptoms of respiratory alkalosis include

-light headedness.

-agitation.

-tingling.

-titanic muscle contractions

all of the above

The sequence of symptoms of heatstroke is

headache, dizziness, exhaustion, then sweating, which stops as the skin becomes red, hot, and dry. Then breathing rate increases, pulse races, and neurological symptoms begin. Kidney failure and/or heart arrhythmia can be fatal.

Obstruction of the airways leads to

respiratory acidosis

Acid-base buffers are the first line of defense against shifts in pH because

they are fast

Which of the following body compartments is correctly matched with its location in the body?

extracellular-fluid in tissue spaces, blood vessels, and lymphatic vessels

Thirst is triggered when total body water decreases by as little as

1%

Maxwell has just finished a brutal 10 kilometer run. His body has

an increased production of carbonic acid and decreased pH of body fluids.

The ratio of intracellular to extracellular fluids in the body of an average male is