Bio Test 1

Atom

The smallest unit of matter that retains the properties of an element.

Proton

A subatomic particle with a positive electrical charge found in the nucleus of an atom.

Valence shell

The outermost shell of an atom that contains valence electrons, which can participate in forming bonds.

Hydrogen ion (H+)

A positively charged ion formed when a hydrogen atom loses its electron, playing a key role in determining the acidity of a solution.

pH

A scale used to specify the acidity or basicity of an aqueous solution, with lower values being more acidic and higher values more basic.

More acidic solution

A solution that contains a higher concentration of hydrogen ions (H+) compared to pure water.

Electron

Negative charge

Covalent bond (polar vs nonpolar)

A chemical bond formed by the sharing of electron pairs between atoms. Polar covalent bonds occur when the sharing is unequal due to differences in electronegativity, while nonpolar covalent bonds occur when the sharing is equal.

Neutron

Neutral charge

Ionic bond

A chemical bond formed through the electrical attraction between oppositely charged ions, typically resulting from the transfer of electrons from one atom to another.

Hydrogen bond

A weak attraction between a hydrogen atom covalently bonded to an electronegative atom and another electronegative atom.

Acidic solution

A solution with a higher concentration of hydrogen ions (H+) than pure water, resulting in a lower pH value.

Most basic element of organic material

Carbon

Polymer vs. Monomer

Monomer: the individual building blocks of a macromolecule

•Polymer: long molecule consisting of multiple monomers strung together

Hydration vs. Dehydration

What are 4 major organic macromolecules? Are there monomers/ polymers in each category? What are major examples? Can you tell difference?

Carbohydrates lipids proteins nucleic acid