Latin Verb Endings, Cases, and Grammar Rules for Beginners

What are the perfect tense endings?

-ī, -istī, -it, -imus, -istis, -ērunt/-ēre

What is the 1st person singular perfect ending?

-ī (I)

What is the 2nd person singular perfect ending?

-istī (you singular)

What is the 3rd person singular perfect ending?

-it (he/she/it)

What is the 1st person plural perfect ending?

-imus (we)

What is the 2nd person plural perfect ending?

-istis (you plural)

What is the 3rd person plural perfect ending?

-ērunt / -ēre (they)

What are the present/imperfect personal endings?

-ō/m, -s, -t, -mus, -tis, -nt

What are the infinitive endings for verbs?

-āre, -ēre, -ere, -īre = 'to VERB'.

What is a transitive verb?

A verb that takes a direct object.

What is an intransitive verb?

A verb that does NOT take a direct object.

What is declension in grammar?

A noun 'family' with shared endings.

What is the nominative case used for?

Used for the SUBJECT.

What is the accusative case used for?

Used for DIRECT OBJECT; also object of certain prepositions.

What is the ablative case used for?

Used for object of certain prepositions.

What is the 1st declension nominative singular ending?

-a

What is the 1st declension accusative singular ending?

-am

What is the 2nd declension nominative singular ending?

-us or -- (some are -er)

What is the 2nd declension accusative singular ending?

-um

What is the 3rd declension nominative singular ending?

Varies (no single ending)

What is the 3rd declension accusative singular ending?

-em

What does the annotation symbol 'underline' signify?

Underline all conjugated verbs (and infinitives).

What does the annotation symbol 'circle' signify?

Circle nominative subjects + circle verb personal endings.

What does the annotation symbol 'box' signify?

Box accusative direct objects (not objects of prepositions).

What does the clause rule state?

Each conjugated verb (has a personal ending) = one clause.

ab/ā + abl

from, away from

ad + acc

to, for; at

cum + abl

with, along with, together with

dē + abl

from, down from; about, concerning

ex/ē + abl

from, out of

in + abl

in, on, among

in + acc

into, onto; against (people)

per + acc

through, throughout; by (means of)

sub + abl

under; down in; at the foot of

sub + acc

under; to the foot of; up to the foot of

et

and; also; even

nōn

not

aut

or

-que

and

sed

but

agō, agere, ēgī (tr)

to do, drive

amō, amāre, amāvī (tr)

to love, like

audiō, audīre, audīvī (tr)

to hear, listen (to); obey

dīcō, dīcere, dīxī (tr)

to say, speak, tell

dūcō, dūcere, dūxī (tr)

to lead, draw (out)

faciō, facere, fēcī (tr)

to do, make

eō, īre, īvī/iī (intr)

to go

veniō, venīre, vēnī (intr)

to come, arrive

videō, vidēre, vīdī (tr)

to see

vincō, vincere, vīcī (tr/intr)

to conquer, defeat; to win

capiō, capere, cēpī (tr)

to take; to charm; to cheat

dō, dare, dedī (tr)

to give, offer

dēbeō, dēbēre, dēbuī (tr/intr w/inf)

to owe; to have to

habeō, habēre, habuī (tr)

to have, hold; to consider

parō, parāre, parāvī (tr/intr)

to prepare, make ready; to get ready

petō, petere, petiī/petīvī (tr)

to head for; attack; ask for; look for

possum, posse, potuī (intr)

to be able

sum, esse, fuī (intr)

to be

volō, velle, voluī (tr)

to want, wish; intend

cadō, cadere, cecidī (intr)

to fall; to die

ferō, ferre, tulī (tr)

to bear, bring

fugiō, fugere, fūgī (tr/intr)

to flee, escape; avoid

legō, legere, lēgī (tr)

to choose, pick; gather; read

mittō, mittere, mīsī (tr)

to send; to let go

nolō, nolle, noluī (intr)

to not want; be unwilling

ponō, ponere, posuī (tr)

to put, place, set; put aside; put down

relinquō, relinquere, relīquī (tr)

to leave behind, abandon

sciō, scīre, scīvī (tr)

to know; understand; (w. inf) know how to

vocō, vocāre, vocāvī (tr)

to call, summon

arma, armīs (n pl)

weapons

bellum, bellō (n)

war

corpus, corpore (n)

body

ferrum, ferrō (n)

iron; sword/blade

imperium, imperiō (n)

power, command; empire

lūmen, lūmine (n)

light; eye

mūnus, mūnere (n)

duty, service; gift

pectus, pectore (n)

chest; heart; soul

periculum, periculō (n)

danger; risk

tempus, tempore (n)

time; temples (of the head)

coniūnx, coniūge (m/f)

spouse (husband/wife)

dea, deā (f)

goddess

deus, deō (m)

god

fēmina, fēminā (f)

woman; wife

fīlia, fīliā (f)

daughter

fīlius, fīliō (m)

son; child

hostis, hoste (m/f)

enemy

māter, mātre (f)

mother

pater, patre (m)

father

rēx, rēge (m)

king

terra, terrā (f)

earth; land

via, viā (f)

way; path; road

vir, virō (m)

man; husband; hero