Paper 2: Aice U.S History

Why did the slave states divide in 1861?

Fear of Lincoln.

States rights - southern states didn't want to be told what to do by federal government.

economies were reliant on slave-labor.

How great was the damage to life in the South during the Civil War?

Damage to the South:

40% of South destroyed.

Inflation rate of 9000%.

Higher casualty rates than North.

Not Damaged:

Rich less effected by war. Plantation owners avoided draft.

Certain parts of South left unscathed.

Why did it take the North three years to turn its superiority of resources over the South into military victory?

Anaconda plan.

Defensive war.

South had better generals .

North lacked ships to enforce blockade.

The North won the war because Grant was prepared to attack the people of the South as well as its armies. How far do you agree?

Agree:

Sherman's army had long supply lines lived off the land.

Sherman's rapid advance allowed him to join with Grant's army

Why did Lincoln win the 1864 presidential election?

Northern soldiers - were largely pro-Lincoln.

Sherman took Atlanta - tilted balance of war towards the North.

Lincoln ran under National Union Party with the War Democrats.

How great was the impact of the Emancipation Proclamation?

Great Impact:

Changed how Europe viewed North.

Allowed black men into the Northern armies.

Changed focus of war

Not a great impact:

Proclamation did not change balance

Why were Congress and the Presidency so deeply divided over the Reconstruction of the South so soon after winning the Civil War?

Many called radical republicans. Johnson vetoed 21 bills. Johnson wanted limited change on the south after war.

Which side did more to limit civil liberties during the Civil War: North or South?

Both sides limited civil liberties. Both used drafts, had exemptions, Lincoln suspended habeas corpus, and south used martial law.

Account for the rise and fall of the Freedmen's Bureau during the Reconstruction era.

Intended to help 4 million ex-slaves. Caused the KKK to form. It provided hospitals,schools, and support of ex-slaves.

How radical was Radical Reconstruction?

Goals that were achieved were political equality by the 14th and 15th amendment.

Goals that were not achieved were land redistribution, CSA leaders escaped, things got worse in the South once the North was less involved.

Why, in 1876-77, did the North abandon the policy of Reconstruction?

The North abandoned the the policy of reconstruction because of economic depression, prominent abolitionist died, and reconstruction won little votes.

How far did President Johnson continue the Reconstruction policies of President Lincoln?

Followed Lincolns policies by amnesty, pardoned many southern landowners, and declared reconstruction complete.

Didnt follow Lincolns policies by vetoing the bill to extend the Freedmens Bureau, and vetoed the Civil right Acts.

Why did Southern states introduce 'black codes' in 1865-66?

Plantation owners needed the state laws to replace their own, Johnson supported state right, and States needed laws to regulate the Freedmens.

The federal nature of the Southern system of government was the main reason for the South's weakness in waging war against the North.' How far do you agree?

Agree: Union Gov. had better control over states than the CSA. CSA gave powers to the states. CSA did not have a 2 party system

Disagree: CSA had trouble paying for war. Naval embargo restricted cotton exports.

Account for the formation of the Ku Klux Klan in 1865.

It was formed to scare the black people because they now had some rights. It was also created because the KKK gave violence a more organized and collective structure.

'The Thirteenth Amendment was the greatest of the constitutional amendments

passed between 1865 and 1970.' How far do you agree?

Agree: First major change to the constitution in 60 years and expanded federal power.

Disagree: 14th gave great power to federal government to enforce equality.15th - gave blacks the right to vote.

Why was there opposition in the North to Lincoln's presidency prior to the 1864 election?

The methods of war.Lincoln's refusal to negotiate a compromise. Copperheads were willing to accept the continuation of slavery in the South..

'Promised much, achieved little.' How accurate is this assessment of President Grant's reconstruction

policies?

Evidence he promised much: Grant used federal troops when the rights of the black where threaten. Supported the 15th amendment. Supported the Civil rights acts.

Evidence he achieved little: Relied on federal law and troops to implement reconstruction. Failure to continue the Freedmens and failure continue to focus on the South as other issues needed more attention

Explain why the European great powers did not formally take sides in the American Civil War.

They didnt intervene because of the emancipation proclamation caused them to be more sympathetic, and Britain and France didnt want to take side because they wanted to trade with the north and south.

How close did the European great powers come to intervening in the American Civil War?

European came close: Britain was angry about North blockade - needed cotton for factories.

Britain recognized South as a belligerent - status only given to sovereign states.

European wasnt close: British and French thought of mediating an end to the war.South expected British support because of British dependence on cotton..

Why were farming associations, such as the Granger movement, established in the late nineteenth century?

Volatile prices of crops.Power of banks and of railroads.

Why did the Progressive Movement gain support in the 1890s and early 1900s?

The consequences of rapid industrialization/urbanization.The inequalities of the Gilded Age.

The corruption of urban party bosses.

Account for the rise of the Progressive Movement in the late nineteenth century.

Mainly small farmers from the West and South - disliked power of railroads.Wanted bimetallic currency, gold and silver.

'Extremely ambitious.' How far do the aims of the Progressive Movement of the 1890s merit this description?

Goals: Limit the power of party bosses.Limit power of robber barons and trust.

Accomplished goals: Social legislation- better housing, food, and water. A ban on alcohol.Bimetal currency.

How far do you agree that the passage of four constitutional amendments between 1913 and 1920 shows the power of the Progressive Movement?

Shows Power: To get Amendment passed need broad support. Progressives passed 4 Amendments in short period.

Doesnt show power: No Progressive party.Prohibition was never a progressive reform.

How far did the Progressive reforms make the USA more democratic?

More democratic: Primaries, referendums, etc. undermined party bosses.Women got the right to vote.

Didnt make US more democratic: Money is still very important to win elections.

How deserved were the widespread criticisms of party bosses in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries?

Not defending party bosses: ran cities in in their own interests.fixed elections.

Defending party bosses: provided jobs. Provided some form of order. Were not dictators.

Why were the railroads so important to the industrialization of the USA?

Much faster than previous transportation systems.Allowed producers quicker access to a larger markets and to raw materials. Railroad companies became largest companies of era.

How far do you agree that the expansion of the railroad network was the main cause of the rapid growth of the American economy in the period from 1865 to 1914?

Supporting railroads: Transportation was cheaper. made markets bigger. Stimulated growth in coal, steel , and iron.

Against railroads: Immigrants were more important. Limited effected on steel, coal, etc.

'The USA is the great melting pot, where all races are melting and reforming.' How

accurate is this assertion about the place of immigrants in the USA in the early twentieth century? (2)

Against: Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882. Discrimination against Germans in WW I.

For: Size and economic opportunities of US allowed many immigrant groups to assimilate with ease. Americanization programs.

How far did the USA benefit from the mass immigration of the late nineteenth century?

Benefit: Steady amount of workers. Immigrants created a bigger market for new goods. Products were lowered

Problems: People were not getting paid equally. A lot of urbanization.

Why was prohibition introduced?

Making beer became unpatriotic. Was against the christian religion. Caused descrimination.

Why did so many technological innovations occur in the late nineteenth century?

They needed machines. Education was available to all.

How important were technological innovations to rapid industrialization in the 1870 and 1880s?

Important: Required less labor.

Other factors: Patents. Access to raw materials. High tariff walls.

Why, in 1920, did the USA give women the right to vote?

President and both political parties were in favor. 17th Amendment brought back womens suffrage.

How far does Theodore Roosevelt deserve to be described as a Progressive?

Progressive: Representative of NY. Had railroad regulations, meat inspections, and pure food and drug act.

Not a progressive: Didnt do too much for civil rights.

On the evidence of his domestic policies, how far does President Wilson deserve to be called a Progressive?

Progressive: Anti-trust legislation. Federal reserve. Tariffs reduced. Social reforms.

Not a progressive: Did not help out the African Americans. Not tough on business.

How far do you agree that President Wilson did more for the Progressive cause than did President Theodore Roosevelt?

Wilson and Theodore had similar domestic policies. TR -sqaure deal. WW- New Freedom.

Account for the 'Red Scare' in the USA in 1919-20.

Strikes. The end of WW11. Bolshevik Revolution.

Why did Theodore Roosevelt fail to win the 1912 presidential election?

Electoral college favors the original parties. Taft go the nomination for the republicans. His announcement to run was late.