Random Key Terms Test 1

counfounds

Difficult to control for. You cannot control what happens in the participant’s life in between conditions for example.

counterbalancing

Where half of the participants complete condition A first, followed by condition B, and the other half of your participants complete condition B first, followed by condition A.

Example: matched pair designs

Researchers recruit 100 people and form 50 pairs based on similar age and gender. One person in each pair is assigned a new diet, while the other follows a standard diet to measure weight loss differences.

mixed measures designs

Combines qualitative and quantitative data collection and analysis within a single study to provide a more comprehensive understanding of a research problem.

random sampling

Participants selected at random from target population.

• Time consuming

stratified sampling

Target population spil into subcategories. The split participants in the sample habe to be representative of members in the target audience (e.g. if ¼ of population has blue eyes, then ¼ of the participants should have blue eyes (if relevant to the research)).

• Time-consuming

systematic sampling

Participants selected in an orderlt fashion (e.g., from 500 people every fifth person in the list).

• Difficult to emplot (you need the list of participants to begin with).

opportunity sampling

Selects participants who are available at the time, so can be called convenience sampling.

• Efficient and economical

• Likely to form samples that are unrepresentative of the population and which can be heavily biased by the researcher.

purposive sampling

Researcher starts with a purpose in mind, and purposefully targets a specific type of participant, excluding any participants who do not fit the intended characteristics.

• Biases and unrepresentative sample.

volunteer sampling

Participants are volunteers who habe actively chosen to take part in the study. Also known as a self-selecting sample.

snowball sampling

Participants are asked to recommend other potential participants to take part in the study.

cross-sectional study

Also called snapshot study.

An observational research mehod that analyses daya from a population or subset at a single, specific point in time.

Is a correlational study related to causality?

Correlation does NOT imply causality.

The three types of transcription:

• Orthographic → write down exactly, word for word what participant said.

• Playscript → edited for readability and impact, usually removing fillers, false starts, and grammatical inaccuracies.

• Non-orthographic → also focuses on how participants used language to convey meaning.

Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis (IPA)

Interested in the individual experience of the participants and the meanings that these experiences have for the individuals (qualitative).

Appropriate choice of analysis if you were planning to work with a very small sample size.

grounded theory

Describes the process of drawing themes from qualitative data, taking perscpective into consideration.

We do not start with a theory, but rather arrive at a theory as a result of the analysis, so the process is very much data driven.

discourse analysis

The study of language in social contexts - it is about what people are doing with their language, or what they are trying to achieve with their speech.

We are interested in the words that people choose to use and how they use them.

reflexivity

Being able to reflect on your influence over the data as a researcher.

scientific (journal) articles

• Scopus

• PsycInfo

• Pubmed

statistics (population, country-, regional-level indicators, etc.)

• Statista

• Eurostat

data and reports from companies, industry sectors, IGOs, NGOs

• Policy Commons

• NexisUni

• ProQuest

Bonferroni correction formula

alpha(new) = 0.05/number of tests

Example:

5 tests → alpha = 0.01

• Harder to het significance (harder to make a Type 1 error)

ontology

Nature of reality/ Theory of existence

epistemology

Nature of knowledge / Theory of knowledge (what do we know and how do we know what we know?

methodology

Theory of method/ How do we gain knowledge?