Review Flashcards on Disease, Genes, and Chromosomes

Flashcards to help you study key concepts from the lecture notes.

What is the common name and role of erythrocytes?

Red Blood Cells (RBCs); deliver oxygen to body tissues

What is the common name and role of leukocytes?

White Blood Cells; protect the body from infections and diseases

What is the common name and role of thrombocytes?

Platelets; blood clotting

What is the common name and role of blood plasma?

Plasma; Holds the blood cells in suspension

What is anemia?

The blood doesn’t have enough healthy red blood cells.

What does erythropoietin do in someone with sickle cell anemia?

Signals the bone marrow to produce more RBCs, but instead of healthy cells, sickle-shaped ones are produced.

What happens during centrifugation during a hematocrit test?

Spinning blood at high speed to separate components.

How is Sickle Cell Disease passed on?

Genetic disorder passed on during reproduction where a zygote must get two recessive copies of the gene to experience the effects or one copy to gain immunity to malaria

What cells are affected by sickle cell disease and how?

Erythrocytes/Red Blood Cells; The bone marrow produces sickle shaped cells due to a point mutation in the hemoglobin protein

What are the symptoms of Sickle Cell Disease?

Fatigue, pain, frequent infections, vision issues

What are the treatments/cures for Sickle Cell Disease?

Antibiotics, hydroxyurea, folic acid supplements, chronic transfusion therapy, and bone marrow transplant.

What is transcription?

Conversion of DNA into mRNA.

What enzyme opens up the DNA strand during transcription?

RNA Polymerase

What is translation?

Conversion of mRNA to protein.

Where does the ribosome begin running along the mRNA during translation?

Start codon.

What are codons?

Sequences of three nucleotides on mRNA.

What are ribosomes?

Cell organelles in the cytoplasm which take the mRNA and produce protein from it with corresponding tRNA

What are van der Waals forces?

Attraction of all atoms to one another.

What is a S-S bridge?

Bond between cysteine amino acids due to sulfur atoms.

What are electrostatic forces?

Attraction between positive and negative amino acids.

What are hydrogen bonds?

Attraction of water to hydrophilic amino acids.

What does hydrophilic mean?

Water-loving amino acids.

What does hydrophobic mean?

Water-hating amino acids.

What are chromosomes?

tight coils of genetic material

What is a mutation?

Change in the DNA, primarily with nucleotides and protein production

What are non-sex cells (chromosomes 1-22) called?

autosomal cells

What does a karyotype show?

Shows the 46 chromosomes that humans have, with one copy from each parent.

How does meiosis differ from mitosis?

The cell number is half of what resulted from mitosis, gaining four daughter cells which have a shuffled set of chromosomes from mom and dad (23 chromosomes) for reproduction.

What are homologous chromosomes?

Two chromosomes, one from mom and one from dad, that are identical in appearance and pair during meiosis.

What is a dominant trait?

Needs only one allele to be expressed.

What is a recessive trait?

Need two alleles to be expressed

What are two different copies of a gene called?

Alleles

What does a pedigree show?

Shows how a certain genetic disorder is passed on through generations of family, or heredity

What can punnett squares predict using?

Genotypes of parents

What genotypes must the parents have in order for a child to express sickle cell anemia?

Heterozygous (Bb) or homozygous recessive (bb)