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List the steps of the scientific method
question collect
Hypothesis
Experiment
Data
Analyze
Conclusion
Contrast the independent variable in a controlled experiment
Something, being manipulated
Contrast the dependent variable in a controlled experiment
Something being measured
When do you use a bar graph?
When the data is discreet (comparing groups)
When do you use a line graph?
When the data is continuous (change over time)
What are standard deviation calculations use for?
if data is spread out
To see what data is better
What are Standard error calculations used for?
To show how accurate your data is
What are chi-squared calculations used for?
To determine how close observed data is to expected results
When do you accept the null hypothesis in the chi square test?
If the Chi square is lower than the critical value you accept
When do you reject a null hypothesis?
If the Chi square is higher than the critical value you reject
How do you start a null hypothesis?
“ there is no significant difference between…”
What are two good scientific questions?
includes measurable values
Identifies the independent and dependent variable
In reality is the scientific process, linear or nonlinear
Nonlinear
While interpreting data you should?
support a hypothesis
Oppose a hypothesis
A good hypothesis includes what?
A statement, not a question
Testable
Falsifiable
Defines measurable variables
Is written in the form of “if…then”
Characteristics of a true experiment include?
Random assignment to groups
Control of extraneous variables
Manipulation of the independent variable
Qualitative measurement of outcomes
Comparison of participate groups
Contains a control group
What are confounding variables?
Other variables that must be identified and controlled
What is quantitative data?
Numerical results
What is qualitative data?
Non-numerical results
Test groups should be a large size or…
The experiment should be performed several times
After the experiment, the results are analyzed, and a conclusion is made by?
the hypothesis is either being accepted or rejected based on the evidence
The independent variable goes on what axis
X-axis
The dependent variable goes on what axis y-axis
Is qualitative or quantitative data graphable?
Quantitative
How do you label a “good title”
By telling exactly what information the author is trying to present with the graph. (X vs Y)
Basic traits of a good graph include
axes should be consistently numbered
Axes should contain labels including units
The independent variable is always shown on the X axis
The dependent variable is always shown on the Y axis
The line should not be extended to the origin if the data does not start there
If a line on a graph goes from solid to “broken” (dashed) this indicates what?
Shows it is a prediction
The slope of a line indicates what?
The rate at which the variables being graphed are changing
Capital (N) indicates what?
Population
Lowercase (n)indicates what?
Sample
Intervals labeled on each axes should be appropriate for?
The range of data so that most of the area of the graph can be used
The graph should have an appropriate (blank) if more than one data set is being represented
Legend
One standard deviation is what percent?
68.2%
Two standard deviations is what percent
95%
Three standard deviations is what percent
99%
What does this symbol (x̄) represent?
The mean
Mean definition
The average of given numbers calculated by dividing the sum of given numbers by the total number of numbers
Median definition
The middle number in an assorted, ascending or descending list of numbers (going from lowest to highest)
Mode definition
The value that appears most frequently in the data set
Standard error shows?
How good your data is
When error bars overlap what does that mean?
You shouldn’t trust the data (it’s not significantly significant)
When error bars do not overlap. What does that mean?
There is a statistical difference you can trust the data
How do you find the degree of freedom?
You take the number of outcomes -1
What value do you always use class?
Critical value
Note
Flashcard