Classification of Poisons

Flashcards based on lecture notes about the classification of poisons, including types based on origin such as natural (animal/plant), mushroom toxins, microbial toxins, and mineral poisons.

Zootoxins

Poisons originating from animals.

Latrotoxin

Produced by the black widow spider, causing cholinergic signs and symptoms.

5-Hydroxytryptamine

Neurotoxin produced by the scorpion (Centruroides sculpturatus).

Bee venom

Venom from bees, wasps, and ants; red ants contain formic acid, may cause anaphylactic shock.

Hyaluronidase

Found in snakes; first aid includes suction, tourniquet, and incision; treatment involves antivenom.

Tetrodotoxin

Found in amphibians (toads, newts, frogs); treatment includes barbiturates, diazepam, calcium gluconate, propranolol.

Cantharidin

From Blister fly/Spanish Fly; local irritant, aphrodisiacs

Clupeotoxin

From Oysters, Sardines & Anchovies ; causes sharp metallic taste, abdominal pain, vomiting and diarrhea

Scromboid toxin

From Tuna [saurine] Mackerel [Gemblid]; may be confused with MSG reactions

Ciguatoxin

From Fish organs (liver); most common poison from ingested fish

Phytotoxins

Poisons originating from plants.

Abrin

Source: Jequirity bean

Aconitine

Source: Aconite, Monkshood

Atropine

Source: Deadly nightshade

Digitalis glycosides

Source: Foxglove

Quinine

Source: Bitter bark

Nicotine

Source: Tobacco

Amygdalin

Source: Prunus sp. [Cherry Apple]

Ricin

Source: Castor bean

Sanguinarine

Source: Bloodroot

Taxines

Source: Japanese Yew

Arecoline

Source: Betel Nut

Brucine

Source: Nux vomita

Picrotoxin

Source: Fish berries

Myristicin

Source: Nutmeg

Muscarine

Source: Amanita

Sapotoxin

Source: Saponin containing

Cicutoxin

Source: Water hemlock

Colchicine

Source: Autumn Crocus

Convallarin

Source: Lily of the Valley

Coniine

Source: Poison hemlock

Phenanthridine alkaloids

Source: Daffodil, jonquil

Pdophyllotoxin

Source: American Mandrake, May apple

Oxalic acid, Anthraquinones

Source: Rhubarb, Boston Ivy

Oxalic acid

Source: Carambola /Star fruit

Santonin

Source: Santonica

Solanine

Source: Black nightshade, Rotten Potato

Veratrine

Source: Fake hellebore ,Corn Lily

Physostigmine

Source: Calabar Bean

Phallodine

Source: Death Angel, Manihotoxin

Manihotoxin

Source: Cassava

Uroshiol

Source: Poison Ivy

Amanitotoxin

Mushroom toxin group with hepatotoxic effects; treatment includes thioctic acid, dextrose, penicillin, vitamin K, and dexamethasone.

Orellanine/Orelline

Mushroom toxin group with nephrotoxic effects; treatment includes charcoal hemoperfusion.

Muscimol/Ibotenic acid

Mushroom toxin group causing hallucinogens, anticholinergic signs and symptoms; treatment includes physostigmine.

Gyrometrins

Mushroom toxin; hepatotoxin that hydrolyzes to form monomethylhydrazine (rocket fuel).

Muscarine

Mushroom toxin causing parasympathetic stimulation; treatment involves atropine.

Coprine

Mushroom toxin causing Disulfiram reactions; treatment involves IV NSS and dopamine or NE for hypertension.

Psitocin/Psitocybin

Mushroom toxin - Hallucinogens; Treatment: Diazepam

Saxitoxin

Source: Dinoflagellates; causes red tide poisoning, Paralytic Shellfish poisoning [PSP]

Aflatoxin

Source: Aspergillus Flavus; found in improperly dried peanuts

Ptomaine

Source: Bacterial decay; spoiled food

Tyrotoxin

Source: Bacterial decay; expired milk and dairy products

Ergot

Source: Claviceps purpurea; causes Ergotism, Convulsions, Gangrene

Exotoxin

Mostly from Gram +; Proteinaceous, virulence, Small lethal dose

Botulinum toxin

Botulinum toxin Source: C. Botulinum; Spoiled Canned Foods -Neuromuscular Poison

Tetanospamin

Tetanospamin Source: C. Tetani; Causes Tetany

Cytotoxin

Cytotoxin Source: C. Perfringens; Gas gangrene

Enterotoxin

Enterotoxin Source: C. Staphylococcus Aureus; Most common cause of pood Poisoning & Causes TSS

Diphtheria cytotoxin

Diphtheria cytotoxin Source: Corynebacterium diphtheriae; Protein synthesis inhibitor in nerve, heart and kidney cells

C. Enterotoxin

C. Enterotoxin Source: Vibrio cholirae; Causes rice watery stool

E. enterotoxin

E. enterotoxin Source: E. Coli; Traveller’s Diarrhea [ETEC]

Endotoxin

Mostly from Gram -; Lipoidal, low toxicity, high dose to become lethal

Typhoid

Typhoid Source: Salmonella Typosa; Causes Typhoid fever

Proteus

Proteus; Causes UTI

HCl / Muriatic acid

Found in bathroom disinfectants; white burns

H2SO4

Oil of Vitreol ; ground coffee vomitus, brown-black burns

HNO3

Aqua fortis; yellow burns

Phenol

Carbolic acid; bleaching white burns

NaOH

Lye Sosa; Found in detergents, forms hard soaps

KOH

Caustic potash; Found in detergents, forms hard soaps

NaOCl

Dakin/s Solution; bleaching agent