Vertebrate Morphology Lab: Anatomy of Sharks, Fish, Frogs, and Pigs

Dermal Denticles

Tough protective covering on skin that resemble tiny teeth. Hydrodynamic properties. Sharks

Nares

Incurrent and excurrent apertures, used in odor detection. Sharks

Ampullae of lorenzini

Specialized sensory cells that are capable of detecting weak electric fields at short ranges. Sharks

Spiracle

First gill slit that may be highly reduced or absent in most fast moving sharks. Provides for oxygenated blood directly to the eye and brain. Sharks

Gill slits

Exit for water that has passed through the gills after entering the mouth. Sharks

Claspers

Male copulatory organs

Lateral line

Series of small fluid filled canals lying just beneath the skin. Transforms underwater sound into nerve impulses.

Stomach (shark)

Three parts: cranial, fundic, and pyloric. Food storage and digestion

Pancreas (shark)

a flattened white gland that secretes digestive juices and insulin

gall bladder (shark)

a green sac that holds bile for enzymatic digestion

intestine (shark)

contains the spiral valve, which is an internally twisted or coiled organ that serves to increase the absorptive surface of the intestine

liver (shark)

bile secretion, glycogen and vit D storage. Large, soft, oily organ which occupies 25% of body cavitiy. Produces and holds oil for buoyancy

spleen (shark)

maintenance of blood (destroys old RBC and makes new RBC)

heart (shark)

muscular s-shaped tube with 2 chambers for pumping blood

ventricle (shark)

pumping chamber

atrium (shark)

collecting point of blood for all veins

gill lamellae (shark)

feather-like portion of the gills responsible of gas exchange

kidneys (shark)

elimination of waste and regulation of internal environment

rectal gland (shark)

acts as a salt gland for osmoregulation by removing excess NaCl from blood and secreting it through duct in rectum

ovaries/testes (shark)

female: egg and hormone production

male: gonads for sperm production

cloaca (shark)

a common chamber receiving the openings of the urinary tract, oviduct and intestine

unpaired fins (fish)

two dorsal fins, caudal fin and anal fin

What is the function of the spiny dorsal fin?

stabilization and defense

What is the function of the soft dorsal fin?

low speed swimming

What is the function of caudal fin?

propulsion.

What is the function of anal fin?

stabilization

operculum (fish)

gill cover. Serves as bellows to help pump water over gills

branchiostegal membrane (fish)

seals operculum and prevents backflow of water into gill chamber

nares (fish)

consist of both incurrent and excurrent aperatures, used in odor detection, not breathing

caudal peduncle (fish)

generates power to caudal fin for swimming

stomach (fish)

food storage and digestion.

pyloric caeca aids in both digestion and absorption

gall bladder (fish)

a sac, usually green, holds bile for enzymatic digestion

intestine (fish)

simple intestines for digestion

pancreas (fish)

secretion of digestion juices and insulin.

diffuse organ in fish, over the full surface of the intestine, interspersed with adipose and other connective tissue and blood vessles.

liver (fish)

bile secretion, glycogen and vit D storage

heart (fish)

2 chambers, atrium and ventricle

gill rakers (fish)

strains water and retains food

gill arches (fish)

supports the gills

gill lamellae (fish)

feather like portion of the gills responsible of gas exchange

kidneys (fish)

elimination of waste and regulation of internal environment

gonads (fish)

female, ovaries: egg and hormone production.

Male, testes: sperm production

cloaca (fish)

common chamber receiving the openings of urinary tract, oviduct, or vas deferens and the intestine

swim bladder (fish)

hydrostatic balancing and sound production

myomeres (fish)

blocks or bundles of skeletal muscle. Space between them is myosepta.

Tympanic membrane (frog)

senses vibrations, hearing

nictitating membranes (frog)

covers and protects eye

vomerine teeth (frog)

grasping

maxillary teeth (frog)

chewing

tongue (frog)

attached to anterior of floor of mouth, catching prey

stomach (frog)

mechanical and chemical digestion of food, contains rugae

rugae (frog)

stomach interior folds that increase the surface area of stomach for increased absorption efficiency

small intestine (frog)

chemical digestion and nutrient absorption

large intestine (frog)

water absorption and fecal packing

pancreas (frog)

secretion of digestive juices, insulin

gall bladder (frog)

greenish sac, holds bile for enzymatic digestion

liver (frog)

makes bile, stores carbs, metabolizes fats and other compounds (3 lobes)

fat bodies (frog)

energy storage

heart (frog)

3 chambers

right atrium (frog)

collects blood from sinus venous

kidneys (frog)

elimination of waste, regulation of internal environment

cloaca (frog)

common chamber receiving the openings of the urinary tract, the oviducts or vas deferens, and the intestine.

teats (pig)

mammary papillae

urogenital oriface(pig)

combined urine and reproductive system opening

male: located posterior to umbilical cord

female: located anterior to anus

genital papilla (pig)

female; small fleshy protuberance anterior to urogenital oriface

scrotum (pig)

male; contains testes

palate (pig)

forms roof of mouth, hard palate is anterior portion, soft is posterior

glottis (pig)

opening to trachea

rectum (pig)

passage between intestine and anus

heart (pig)

four chambers

muscular diaphragm (pig)

separates thoracic from abdominal cavities, lung expansion

uterine horns (pig)

provides space for multiple embryos to develop (litter)

spermatic cord (pig)

includes vas deferens

taxonomy

The scientific study of how living things are classified

scientific class for shark

chondrichthyes

scientific class for fish

actinopterygii

scientific class for frog

amphibia

scientific class for pig

mammalia

how many names shark species are there

>500

reproduction in sharks

internal fertilization, produces small numbers, long gestation period, long maturation period, large young

scales of fish

ctenoid or cycloid

osmoregulation in fish

freshwater: no salts enter gut, large volume of urine, salt absorbed by gills, does not drink

saltwater: the opposite of freshwater

external anatomy of shark

External anatomy of bony fish

internal anatomy of fish

what did amphibia evolve from

lobe-finned fishes

what type of respiration do amphibia have

cutaneous

external frog anatomy

internal frog anatomy

internal pig anatomy