Baylor BIO 1105 Midterm Exam

What is the function of a dissecting microscope?

To examine and dissect biological specimens.

Eyepiece lens

the part of a compound light microscope that magnifies an image, usually 10 times, also called an ocular lens

objective lens

the part of a compound light microscope that is located directly above the specimen and that magnifies the image of the specimen

arm

Supports the tube and connects it to the base

Base

supports the microscope

stage plate

Platform on which a specimen is placed

stage clips

holds the slide in place on the stage

magnification adjustment

a knob on either side of the microscope that's used to adjust the magnification of the objective lens

focus adjustments

knobs on either side of the microscope that are used for focusing the microscope on the slide or specimen

light sources

transmitted light source- lighting from the base

reflected light source- light from above

brightness control

Used to control how bright or dim the light is. Located on the side of the microscope, at the bottom.

Research applications of a dissecting microscope

- view three dimensional objects and larger specimens

- study external features on an object

- examine structures not easily mounted onto flat slides

What is the function of a compound microscope?

viewing samples at a higher magnification that a dissecting microscope.

body tube

Connects the eyepiece to the objective lenses

Nosepiece

Holds the objectives and can be rotated to change the magnification

Diaphram

Controls the amount of light passing through the opening of the stage

coarse adjustment knob

this part moves the stage up and down to help you get the specimen into view (4x and 10x)

fine adjustment knob

this part moves the stage slightly to help you sharpen or "fine" tune your view of the specimen (10x and 40x)

stage

Supports the slide being viewed

stage control

These knobs move the stage left and right or up and down.

condenser lens

concentrates the light and makes illumination of the specimen more uniform

power switch

turns the microscope on and off

research applications of compound microscopes

- view small samples that cannot be identified with the naked eye

- viewing samples with high magnification

Advantage of knowing the FOV for each objective

If you know the FOV diameter, you can estimate the size of an organism.

Calculating the FOV of a high power objective using the measurements taken under low power

FOVlow x Mag low = FOV med/high X Mag med/high

How do you find the measurement of the cell size?

Divide the diameter of the FOVhigh by the number of stomata counted for the measurements of the cell

How to calculate the total magnification using the power of the eyepiece and the objective lens

Objective lens x ocular lens

Using imagej, how do you measure the surface area.

-Set scale using line tool & analyze

-Crop using rectangle tool

-Set the threshold so that the leaf is black and the background is white

-select the leaf with the wand tracing tool, analyze, and measure to collect SA

Using imagej, how do you measure the stomatal density

Count the number of stomata in the FOV given and divide by the total surface area to approximate stomatal density

Using imagej, how do you measure the stomatal size?

use the line tool to measure the length and width of the stomata

How to calculate the canopy area of a tree in the field?

Use a tape measure and find the distance from the edge of one drip line across the diameter of the canopy to the other edge; measure in at least 3 directions (field)-A=πr^2

Why is measuring a tree's canopy important to research?

- the relationships between the environment and the trees growing on a site cannot be distinguished.

- Without the detailed measurements we cannot understand the potential for growth contained within a single tree, a species, or a population.

- how much trees photosynthesize, biodiversity, and their roles in the carbon cycle

Describe the application and value of using GIS for scientific research

- geospatial analysis

- make a map of the campus that communicates the location of each tree and then lauers biological information

- archiving of trees

- analysis of descriptive information and exploration of patterns and relationships

How to find and map a tree using Google Earth Pro

-Type in coordinates

-Pin location

How to measure canopy area using the polygon tool on Google Earth

-Draw polygon tool

-New polygon

-Pick a color

-Outline the tree

-New polygon; measurements tab

-Set unit to meters

Advantages and disadvantages of using digitalized measurement tool

-Advantages:wide scale, collaborative research-Disadvantage:not very accurate

Describe the parts of a scientific paper

AIMRaD:

Abstract(BPMRD;main purpose and main results)

-Introduction

-Methods(determine the main steps in their protocols)

-Results

-Discussion

Recognize the general differences between a primary research article and a review article.

-Primary research: scientific journals, actual experiments, AIMRaD, peer reviewed

-Review Article: Scientific journals, summation of results, authors didn't do the experiments

metacognition

the awareness and understanding of your thought processes (scaffolds)

Growth mindset

belief that qualities can change/improve through effort

fixed mindset

the idea that we have a set amount of an ability that cannot change

planning

identifying goals and strategies

Monitoring

keeping track of your progress toward the goals

Evaluating

continually assessing the solutions and evaluating your strategies

What does Monitoring, Planning, and Evaluating have to do with learning and metacognition?

Metacognitive skills include planning your learning, monitoring whether your current learning strategies are successful, and evaluating results of your learning.

accuracy

Accuracy refers to the closeness of a measured value to a standard or known value

Precision

Precision refers to the closeness of two or more measurements to each other

micrometers

x1million

millimeters

1000x

centimeters

100x

meters

1x

kilometers

x1/1000

calculate the mean

average

calculate the standard deviation

percent error

gives indication of accuracy with measurements since it compares the experimental value to a standard value

((value 1 - value 2) / avg value) x 100%

Percent difference

gives indication of precision since it takes all the experimental values and compares it to each other.

(|experimental values - accepted value| / accepted values) x 100%

Which formula would you use for comparing the field canopy area and the digital canopy area?

Percent error (accuracy)

Describe the global challenge of food insecurity and the role of science in addressing the challenge.

-GIS can help target the sources of food insecurity. It is our job as scientists to provide sufficient data that will help treat the problem.

-climate change aggravates food insecurity

-increase in CO2 increases photosynthesis but reduces the nutritional content of crops

-In our case, learning how guard cells form and function introduces important techniques and concepts that can address the global challenges associated with climate change.

Describe the global challenge of CO2 levels in the atmosphere

-traps infrared radiation heat in the atmosphere

-weathering rocks

-carbon source for plants

- not enough plants are able to take the amount of CO2 in the atmosphere

explain the role of science in addressing the challenge of CO2.

Options for removing CO2:

-forests

-farms

bio-energy with carbon capture

direct air capture

-carbon mineralization

How do we define a tree?

-woody plant characterized by a single dominant stem called a trunk.

-Many smaller woody branches that emerge from the trunk carry the leafy foliage of the tree. It is anchored by roots.

Explain how the structure of leaves can be used to classify plants.

-shape

-arrangements

-size

-leaf attachments

-leaf organization

-petiole features

-laminar shape

-laminar symmetry

-margin

-ventilation

Give examples of the variations that are found in leaf shape and arrangement.

compound leaves are able to spread out and have smaller SA. Found in the desert.

opposite arrangement

alternate arrangement

entire

even , smooth throughout

denate

with symmetrical teeth

Crenate

with rounded teeth

serrate

teeth forward-pointing

lobate

indented, but not to midline

whorled

decussate

Obtuse leaf tip

bluntly tipped

obvate

egg-shaped, narrow at base

ovate

egg-shaped, wide at base

elliptic

oval-shaped, small or no point

pinnate

A leaf vein pattern that looks like a feather. There is one main vein that has smaller veins branching off sideways from it.

campylodromous

paralleldromous

palinactinodromous

flabellate

acrodromous

pertaining to a leaf in which the veins converge at the point

actindromous basal leaf

actinodromous suprabasal but veins go all the way to edge

actinodromous suprabasal

base swollen

petiole is thicker where it attaches at the base

pulvinate

a flexible joint-like thickening around the base of the leaf

Describe three types of meristematic plant tissues:

1. apical - tip of the root, stem. help with growth of the root system and shoot system. cell division along the cellular enlargement help in the growth of the stem above ground and the root below the ground.

2. intercalary- located at the internodes or the base of the leaves. help increase the length of the internode. usually seen in monocotyledonous plants

3. lateral- present on the lateral side of the stem and root of a plant. help increase the thickness of the plants. ex. cambium

vascular

transports water and sugars throughout the plant

dermal

-forms a protective waxy coating, leaf hairs, secretory glands

-protect the plant from injury and water loss

Ground

-store starch, perform photosynthesis, support the structure of the plant

-storing the carbohydrates

Xylem

-waters; moves up

-transports water and dissolved minerals

Phloem

-sugars;moves up & down

-transport food nutrients such as sucrose

mesophyll

The cells in the middle, have many photosynthetic chloroplasts

Guard cells

opening and closing the stomata

Stomata

the pores of the leaf that let water out, while permitting oxygen and carbon dioxide in and out of the plant

vascular tissue of leaf

Transpiration

caused by the movement of water upwards through the xylem.

Describe the role of the stomata and vascular tissue in this process

Stomata regulate the exchange of carbon dioxide (moving in) and oxgyen (moving out), as well as the loss of water through transpiration

Blade

edge of knife

Petiole

stalk like structure which connects the blade to the stem