Hot Seat Term 2 AP Psych

Infants were observed during a series of separations & reunions with their caregiver and a stranger, secure- comfortably explore new environment in presence of caregiver and temporary stress when gone, insecure - anxiety or avoidance about trusting relationships

Ainsworth Attachment Experiment

• Infants were observed during a series of separations & reunions with their caregiver and a stranger

• secure- comfortably explore new environment in presence of caregiver and temporary stress when gone

• insecure - anxiety or avoidance about trusting relationships

Anxiety Disorders + Anti - anxiety Medication

• Excessive uncontrollable worry (Generalized Anxiety)

• depressants slow down the CNS

• Barbituates - sleep inducing pills

Asch Conformity Experiment

• people had to pick which line matched another, when the participants who were actors chose the wrong answer influenced real participants to conform and choose the same

ADHD + Medication

• extreme inattention, hyperactivity, & impulsivity

• stimulants speed up CNS

• brands - Adderall, Ritalin

Attraction

• similarity (interests, background, and personality)

• self - disclosure (revealing personal info)

• proximity - repeatedly seeing person ( Mere - exposure effect )

Bandura’s Observational Learning Experiment

• kids watched an adult act aggressively toward a bobo doll later repeated the same behavior in a playroom

Big 5

• extraversion - out going, social, energetic

• consicientiousness - organized, hardworking, responsible

• agreeableness - friendly, trusting, cooperative

Bystander Effect Experiment

• Bystander Effect - shows how situational factors impact a persons likelihood to help others

• Diffusion of Responsibility individual assumes that others will intervene, decreased likelihood of help

• participants sat in a room that had slowly been filled with smoke, only reporting it when they were alone and in another’s presence did nothing

Bipolar Disorder + Medicatoin

• a mental health condition characterized by extreme mood swings

• Bipolar I - abnormal happiness (manic episodes)

• Bipolar II - depressive episodes, hypomania

Cognitive dissonance

• discomfort we feel when beliefs doesn’t match our actions

• change our beliefs to remove that discomfort

• ex. writing an essay supporting something you don’t believe in for money making you feel guilty

Condition Stimulus + Conditioned Response

• Conditioned Stimulus - neutral stimulus paired with UCS

• Conditioned response - learned response in reaction to CS

• ex. bell being run (CS) causes dog to salivate( CR)

Cross - sectional + Longitudinal studies

• Cross - sectional - comparing people of different ages

• Longitudinal - follow people across time

• ex. studying age related changes in memory with longitudinal studies

Eating Disorders

• Anorexia - starvation diet, altered perception of body image, excessive excersize

• Bulimia - binging then vomiting, laxative use, fasting, or excersize

• Binge Eating- binging then feeling remorse

Erikson’s Psychosocial Development

• infancy = 0-18, Adaptive = Trust / miss trust from mom

• adolescence = 13-21 Adaptive = Identity / role confusion who am I?

Little Albert Experiment

• Albert had been shown animals and other stimuli, specifically a white rat he took a liking to that was paired with loud, frightening sounds, leading to fear of the rat.

• The UCS = loud noise causing crying and fear = UCR

• The CS= white rat resulting in a conditioned fear response

persistent depressive disorder + SSRIs

• a continuous long form of depression

• SSRIs increase seratonin

• SSRI partially block the reuptake of seratonin

Schizophrenia

• where a person is disconnected from reality

• hallucinations - perceiving nonexistant things as reality

• delusions - false beliefs that are strongly held

Conditioned Stimulus and Response

• CS - a neutral stimulus paired with a UCS

• CR - a learned response to a CS

• bell causes salvation in dog

cognitive dissonance

• discomfort you feel when your actions don’t match your beliefs

• you change your beliefs to remove the discomfort by matching actions

• writing an essay for something you don’t believe in for money and feeling guilty

Sherif Robbers Cave Experiment

staged competitions between two groups of boys at a summer camp, leading to increased hostility but later resolution through shared goals.

Bipolar Disorder

• A mental health condition characterized by extreme mood swings

• Bipolar I - abnormal happiness + manic episodes

• Bipolar II - hypomanic episodes and depression

Asch Conformity Experiment

• where participants were asked to match line lengths in a group setting, often conforming to incorrect answers given by others.

• conformity - tendency to change beliefs, thoughts, or behavior to match group’s

Punishments in operant conditioning

• Positive - adding an unpleasant stimulus to diminish

• Negative - removing pleasant stimulus to diminish

• ex. taking phone away to stop misbehavior

Piaget Cognitive Development

• sensorimotor - masters reflexive behavior and mental representation

• preoperational - masters object permanence and animistic thinking, is egocentric

• concrete operational - masters conservation, mental operations, and reversibility

  
  

Personality Disorders Cluster A, B, C

• A - eccentric or odd

• B - dramatic, emotional, or erratic

• C - anxious or fearful

Peripheral + Central Route Persuasion

• Peripheral - persuaded by

• Central - suaded by evidence/message/logic

• ex.

Schedules of Reinforcement in Operant Conditioning

• fixed ratio - reinforcement occurs after a set number of responses

• variable ratio - reinforcement occurs after a variable number of responses

• fixed interval - reinforcement occurs at set time intervals

Freud Psychosexual stage

• phallic - stimulation of genitals ( pooping )

• oral - stimulation of mouth (babbling)

• latency - sexual feelings are inactive during this stage.

Roger Person-centered perspective

• people are basically good & given self-actualization

• unconditional positive regard - acceptance and support, regardless of the individual

• acceptance, genuineness, and empathy are key to growth

Unconditioned Stimulus + Response

• UCS - naturally occurring event

• UR - automatic unlearned result

• ex. food causes dog to salivate

James Lange + Cannon - Bard + Two Factor

• JL - emotions are based on physiological response

• CB - emotions and physiological response occur at same time

• TF - emotions are based on how we asses physiological response and situation

Internal & External Locus of Control

• internal - belief that life and behavior is within their control

• external - control over life and behavior is out of reach

• ex. student fails test and says ‘ I didn’t study enough ‘ (internal)

Kholberg Theory Of Moral Development

• preconventional - avoid punishment , self interest, get rewards

• conventional - follow rules, keep social order , gain approval

• post conventional - unjust rules can be broken, protect rights and fairness

Maslow Hierarchy of Needs

• self transendence - inner joy to do things

• safety - security and stability

• physiological - hunger, thirst, sex, sleep

Fundamental attribution error + self serving bias

The tendency to overemphasize personal characteristics and underestimate situational factors in explaining others' behaviors, while attributing positive outcomes to oneself and negative outcomes to external circumstances.